Race and Policing: An Agenda for Action

This paper is organized into two parts -- Strategic Voice and Tactical Agency. Strategic Voice argues that problems of race in policing cannot be resolved by the police alone. Other people must help by understanding and ameliorating the social conditions that cause race to be associated with crime and hence become a dilemma for American policing. Rather than accepting these conditions as givens, police leaders with their powerful collective voice should actively call attention to what needs to be changed. Tactical Agency outlines what the police can do on their own initiative to deal with the operational dilemmas of race -- in the communities they serve and in their own organizations

Dunce mutants of Drosophila melanogaster: mutants defective in the cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase enzyme system

The cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase activities present in flies of six mutant strains of the dunce gene and in the parent wild- type strains are characterized. All of the mutants exhibit aberrant cyclic AMP metabolism. The mutant strains dunceM14, dunceM11, and dunceML appear to be amorphic, because they completely lack the cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase normally present in adult flies. These strains exhibit extremely high levels of cAMP. The mutant strains dunce1, dunce2, and dunceCK are hypomorphic and exhibit reduced levels of the cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase. These strains exhibit less marked increases in cAMP content compared with the three amorphic strains. The dunce2 strain possesses a residual enzyme activity that exhibits anomalous kinetics compared with those of the normal enzyme. The possibility that the dunce locus is the structural gene for the cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase is discussed

SnapShot: Olfactory Classical Conditioning of Drosophila

This SnapShot summarizes current knowledge about the molecules and circuitry that mediate olfactory memory formation in Drosophila, with emphasis on neural circuits carrying the learned sensory information; the molecular mechanisms for acquisition, memory storage, and forgetting; and the output pathways for memory expression. To view this SnapShot, open or download the PDF

Opera Houses in Kansas, Nebraska, and The Dakotas: 1870-1920

As the last frontier approached an end, nearly every town of any distinction on the Plains boasted an opera house. The term opera house was preferred over theater since opera was considered a highly respected art form rather than mere popular amusement, even though grand opera itself was seldom actually performed in the Great Plains. What the management offered on its stage depended primarily on the town\u27s proximity to a railroad, which in the late nineteenth century served as the major link to the outside world. Whether or not opera troupes ever sang for local audiences, a town\u27s opera house----on the Plains, as throughout small-town America-was viewed as the crowning achievement in the community\u27s social and cultural life, symbolic of civilization in the most exalted sense. More a monument to local dreams of grandeur than a profitable business, the opera house became a rallying point for civic boosterism, tangible proof that a town had come of age. Civic pride knew few limits. When Hallo\u27s Opera House opened in Lincoln, Nebraska, in 1873, it was proclaimed the finest west of the Missouri River -definitely a challenge to more illustrious theaters in San Francisco

Mushroom-Body Memories: An Obituary Prematurely Written?

SummaryStudies on insect olfactory learning have established the mushroom bodies as key brain structures for the formation of long-term memory (LTM). Two new neurons in the fly brain are reported now as essential sites for LTM formation, while mushroom bodies are claimed to be unnecessary to this end

Age, Growth and Condition of Largemouth Bass, Micropterus salmoides, of Lake Ashbaugh, Arkansas

The population size structure, length at age and condition of 140 largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides, were studied for Lake Ashbaugh, Arkansas. Scales and otoliths were used for age and length at age determination of individual bass. Length at age was determined by back-calculation and relative weight was used to measure condition. The Lake Ashbaugh population is dominated by young, slow growing bass in poor condition. Ninety-one percent of the largemouth bass in Lake Ashbaugh were less than four years of age, with age 3+ bass serving as the dominant year class. Proportional and relative stock density values were 25 and 3 %, respectively, significantly less than those of other surveyed Arkansas reservoirs. The mean relative weight for this population was 84, significantly less than that projected for healthy populations. Mean back-calculated lengths for largemouth bass ages I through age III were 141 mm, 190 mm, and 257 mm, respectively. Mean lengths at each age were significantly less than those obtained from a 1987 study of Lake Ashbaugh bass and for bass in other Arkansas reservoirs. Several factors may have contributed to the steady decline in the bass population of Lake Ashbaugh. Winterkills occurred in 1989-1991, which seemed to affect mostly mature largemouth bass. A380 mm length limit imposed in 1987 may have resulted in a stockpiling of bass less than 380 mm, increasing the competition for available prey for those size classes. These hypotheses are supported by consistent yearly declines over the past five years in the available prey/predator ratios and relative weights, particularly for the size classes between 226 mm-350 mm

Olfactory Learning Deficits in Mutants for leonardo, a Drosophila Gene Encoding a 14-3-3 Protein

AbstractStudies of Drosophila and other insects have indicated an essential role for the mushroom bodies in learning and memory. The leonardo gene encodes a Drosophila protein highly homologous to the vertebrate 14-3-3ζ isoform, a protein well studied for biochemical roles but without a well established biological function. The gene is expressed abundantly and preferentially in mushroom body neurons. Mutant alleles that reduce LEONARDO protein levels in the mushroom bodies significantly decrease the capacity for olfactory learning, but do not affect sensory modalities or brain neuroanatomy that are requisite for conditioning. These results establish a biological role for 14-3-3 proteins in mushroom body–mediated learning and memory processes, and suggest that proteins known to interact with them, such as RAF-1 or other protein kinases, may also have this biological function

Slow light with integrated gain and large pulse delay

We demonstrate slow and stored light in Rb vapor with a combination of desirable features: minimal loss and distortion of the pulse shape, and large fractional delay (> 10). This behavior is enabled by: (i) a group index that can be controllably varied during light pulse propagation; and (ii) controllable gain integrated into the medium to compensate for pulse loss. Any medium with the above two characteristics should be able to realize similarly high-performance slow light.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures; abstract is shortened, some typo correcte

Molecular analysis of cDNA clones and the corresponding genomic coding sequences of the Drosophila dunce' gene, the structural gene for cAMP phosphodiesterase

We have isolated and sequenced cDNA clones representing portions of the polyadenylylated transcripts of the dunce+ gene. These define an open reading frame of 1086 bases and some of the 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions of the transcripts. The deduced amino acid sequence is strikingly homologous to the amino acid sequence of a Ca^2+/calmodulin-dependent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase isolated from bovine brain and more weakly related to the predicted amino acid sequence of a yeast cAMP phosphodiesterase. These homologies, together with prior genetic and biochemical studies, provide unambiguous evidence that dunce^+ codes for a phosphodiesterase. In addition, the dunce^+ gene product shares a seven-amino acid sequence with a regulatory subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase that is predicted to be part of the cAMP binding site. We also identify a weak homology between a region of the dunce+ gene product and the egg-laying hormone precursor of Aplysia californica. The open reading frame is divided in the genome by four introns