Taxonomy of Tuition Discounting

Tuition discounting, the practice of permitting some students to pay less than full tuition, has risen markedly in profile in recent years, both inside and outside of academe. This increased visibility makes it important that colleges understand tuition discounting in order to facilitate more efficient revenue management and to provide credible information to a public demanding explanations for rising college costs. Confusion permeates tuition discounting in both internal and external arenas. One source of confusion is that college administrators and policy analysts view the subject differently and tend to talk past each other when discussing it. Tuition discounting is also misunderstood by the public, in part because the higher education community does not discuss it with one voice. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the broader understanding of tuition discounting by providing clear definitions of its terms and an analysis of some of the associated issues. This paper will: review why tuition discounting issues are important; outline the sources of confusion; define the various types of tuition discounts, including related terms such as gross and net tuition revenue and grossing up ; present as historical background the manner in which tuition discounting was administered prior to the recent changes in the fund accounting rules; describe the impact of the new accounting rules, along with some of the pitfalls that mark the new regime; outline the different uses of tuition discounting by the three higher education groups that employ them; and apply the accumulated definitions to an analysis of some of the practical and political problems associated with tuition discounting

Phosphorus availability and algal production in waste water

"The primary purpose of this research was to establish the algal growth potential of phosphorus laden effluent with respect to the phosphorus needs of algae. To accomplish this, an optimum carbon to phosphorus ratio had to be determined for algae. A secondary purpose of this investigation was to evaluate possible differences in algal production potential associated with different methods of phosphorus removal."-Introductio

The effect of oversize and slotted holes on the behavior of a bolted joint

Twenty-one bolted joints were tested to determine the effect of oversize holes and slotted holes on the slip behavior and ultimate strength of bolted joints. Hole sizes studied had standard, 1/4-in. and 5/16-in. clearances. Slots placed both parallel and transverse to the line of load were studied. All joints were of A36 steel plate fastened by 1-in. A325 bolts. The studies indicated that a washer is desirable under the turned element to prevent severe galling

Apples to Apples: A Financial Aid Reporting Methodology

Confusion about the treatment of merit-based or categorically based aid has revealed the need for a generalized financial and reporting methodology. This article suggests a procedure for financial aid reporting that recognizes differing treatment of need-based aid before and after awarding, offers general information about the theoretical concepts underlying the proposed procedure, and provides an example of how the procedure may be applied

Antibacterial treatment of community-acquired pneumonia: the role of therapeutic agents other than the macrolide

The optimal guidelines for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia are not well established, and the relevant pathogen is often unknown. Initial choice of an antimicrobial agent should depend on the initial severity of the patient's illness, site of acquisition, age, coexisting illness and treatment setting. Few reliable studies have been performed to establish the supremacy of any antibiotic agent in this condition, either for ambulatory or hospital treatment

Existence, multiplicity, and nonexistence of positive solutions to a differential equation on a measure chain

AbstractWe are concerned with proving existence of one or more than one positive solution of a general two point boundary value problem for the nonlinear equation Lx(t)≔−[p(t)xΔ(t)]Δ+q(t)xσ(t)=λa(t)f(t,xσ(t)). We shall also obtain criteria which leads to nonexistence of positive solutions. Here the independent variable t is in a “measure chain”. We will use fixed point theorems for operators on a Banach space

Apollonian Circle Packings: Geometry and Group Theory II. Super-Apollonian Group and Integral Packings

Apollonian circle packings arise by repeatedly filling the interstices between four mutually tangent circles with further tangent circles. Such packings can be described in terms of the Descartes configurations they contain. It observed there exist infinitely many types of integral Apollonian packings in which all circles had integer curvatures, with the integral structure being related to the integral nature of the Apollonian group. Here we consider the action of a larger discrete group, the super-Apollonian group, also having an integral structure, whose orbits describe the Descartes quadruples of a geometric object we call a super-packing. The circles in a super-packing never cross each other but are nested to an arbitrary depth. Certain Apollonian packings and super-packings are strongly integral in the sense that the curvatures of all circles are integral and the curvature$\times$centers of all circles are integral. We show that (up to scale) there are exactly 8 different (geometric) strongly integral super-packings, and that each contains a copy of every integral Apollonian circle packing (also up to scale). We show that the super-Apollonian group has finite volume in the group of all automorphisms of the parameter space of Descartes configurations, which is isomorphic to the Lorentz group $O(3, 1)$.Comment: 37 Pages, 11 figures. The second in a series on Apollonian circle packings beginning with math.MG/0010298. Extensively revised in June, 2004. More integral properties are discussed. More revision in July, 2004: interchange sections 7 and 8, revised sections 1 and 2 to match, and added matrix formulations for super-Apollonian group and its Lorentz version. Slight revision in March 10, 200