Programmes at the turning point. Challenges, activities and developments for partner regions : September 2003-March 2004

This paper looks at structural funds programmes and a range of issues relating to the mid-term of the programmes, with the completion of the mid-term evaluations, the development of proposals for allocating the performance reserve and the mid term review

Pengaruh Sisa Anggaran, Pendapatan Sendiri Dan Dana Perimbangan Terhadap Belanja Modal

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menelaah tentang pengaruh deficit, pendapatan personal dan budget anggaran terhadap Perubahan belanja modal di kabupaten/kota di Indonesia. Sampel yang dipergunakan ada 30 kabupaten/kota di Indonesia dengan menggunakan data yang tersedia di internet. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa variabel badget anggaran (diukur dengan DBH) secara partsial berpengaruh pada Perubahan belanja modal, sementara variabel pendapatan personal (PAD) tidak memiliki pengaruh terhadap Perubahan belanja modal.Kata Kunci: Anggaran, Modal, Desentralisasi. THE EFFECT OF BUDGET DEFISIT, PERSONAL INCOME AND FUND BUDGET TOWARDS CAPITAL EXPENDITURE. Purpose of this study is to examine the effect of budget deficit, personal income, and fund budget toward capital expenditure in the changes of districts'/ municipalities' budget in Indonesia. The used samples are 30 (thirty) districts/ municipalities in Indonesia which its data is available in internet. Result of data analysis shows that variable of fund budget (measured by DBH changes) which partially effects toward the changes of capital expenditure budget, while variable of budget deficit (measured by SiLPA changes) and variable of personal income (measured by PAD changes) do not have effect toward capital expenditure

Size-Dependent Deposition, Translocation, and Microglial Activation of Inhaled Silver Nanoparticles in the Rodent Nose and Brain.

BackgroundSilver nanoparticles (AgNP) are present in personal, commercial, and industrial products, which are often aerosolized. Current understanding of the deposition, translocation, and health-related impacts of AgNP inhalation is limited.ObjectivesWe determined a) the deposition and retention of inhaled Ag in the nasal cavity from nose-only exposure; b) the timing for Ag translocation to and retention/clearance in the olfactory bulb (OB); and c) whether the presence of Ag in the OB affects microglial activity.MethodsMale Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed nose-only to citrate-buffered 20- or 110-nm AgNP (C20 or C110, respectively) or citrate buffer alone for 6 hr. The nasal cavity and OB were examined for the presence of Ag and for biological responses up to 56 days post-exposure (8 weeks).ResultsThe highest nasal Ag deposition was observed on Day 0 for both AgNP sizes. Inhalation of aerosolized C20 resulted in rapid translocation of Ag to the OB and in microglial activation at Days 0, 1, and 7. In contrast, inhalation of C110 resulted in a gradual but progressive transport of Ag to and retention in the OB, with a trend for microglial activation to variably be above control.ConclusionsThe results of this study show that after rats experienced a 6-hr inhalation exposure to 20- and 110-nm AgNP at a single point in time, Ag deposition in the nose, the rate of translocation to the brain, and subsequent microglial activation in the OB differed depending on AgNP size and time since exposure. Citation: Patchin ES, Anderson DS, Silva RM, Uyeminami DL, Scott GM, Guo T, Van Winkle LS, Pinkerton KE. 2016. Size-dependent deposition, translocation, and microglial activation of inhaled silver nanoparticles in the rodent nose and brain. Environ Health Perspect 124:1870-1875; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/EHP234

Short versus long silver nanowires: a comparison of in vivo pulmonary effects post instillation.

BackgroundSilver nanowires (Ag NWs) are increasingly being used to produce touchscreens for smart phones and computers. When applied in a thin film over a plastic substrate, Ag NWs create a transparent, highly-conductive network of fibers enabling the touch interface between consumers and their electronics. Large-scale application methods utilize techniques whereby Ag NW suspensions are deposited onto substrates via droplets. Aerosolized droplets increase risk of occupational Ag NW exposure. Currently, there are few published studies on Ag NW exposure-related health effects. Concerns have risen about the potential for greater toxicity from exposure to high-aspect ratio nanomaterials compared to their non-fibrous counterparts. This study examines whether Ag NWs of varying lengths affect biological responses and silver distribution within the lungs at different time-points.MethodsTwo different sizes of Ag NWs (2 μm [S-Ag NWs] and 20 μm [L-Ag NWs]) were tested. Male, Sprague-Dawley rats were intratracheally instilled with Ag NWs (0, 0.1, 0.5, or 1.0 mg/kg). Broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung tissues were obtained at 1, 7, and 21 days post exposure for analysis of BAL total cells, cell differentials, and total protein as well as tissue pathology and silver distribution.Results and conclusionsThe two highest doses produced significant increases in BAL endpoints. At Day 1, Ag NWs increased total cells, inflammatory polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs), and total protein. PMNs persisted for both Ag NW types at Day 7, though not significantly so, and by Day 21, PMNs appeared in line with sham control values. Striking histopathological features associated with Ag NWs included 1) a strong influx of eosinophils at Days 1 and 7; and 2) formation of Langhans and foreign body giant cells at Days 7 and 21. Epithelial sloughing in the terminal bronchioles (TB) and cellular exudate in alveolar regions were also common. By Day 21, Ag NWs were primarily enclosed in granulomas or surrounded by numerous macrophages in the TB-alveolar duct junction. These findings suggest short and long Ag NWs produce pulmonary toxicity; thus, further research into exposure-related health effects and possible exposure scenarios are necessary to ensure human safety as Ag NW demand increases

Developmental managers: Line managers as facilitators of workplace learning in voluntary organisations

This research aims to identify the behaviours used by voluntary sector senior and first line managers when facilitating employee learning in the workplace. The thesis also considers the inhibitory behaviours used by line managers. The research topic is growing in importance given the increasing drive to devolve Human Resource Development responsibilities to line managers. Yet we have limited theoretical and empirical understanding of how managers deal with such responsibilities. Following an extensive literature review of the voluntary sector, learning, and the line manager as developer, five research questions were identified. These are: i. What do line managers do to facilitate learning. ii. What do line managers do to inhibit learning. iii. What motivates line managers to develop staff. iv. What influence do individual factors have on developmental behaviours. V. What influence do organisational factors have on developmental behaviours. Case study methodology, within the traditions of phenomenology, has been used to address these research questions The empirical research was conducted in two social care organisations in the voluntary sector. The culture and values of voluntary organisations provide relatively unexplored territory for management research and may provide an environment conducive for line managers to act as developers. Furthermore, exploration of the voluntary sector helps address a significant deficit in management knowledge. The findings reveal that environmental drivers such as the 'contract' culture created demand for learning in both organisations. Organisational factors such as organisational history, mission, strategy, structure, culture, the nature of the workforce, HRD strategy and learning climate all contributed to the nature of developmental interactions and relationships, and influenced the behaviour of line managers. In particular, the role of supervision in social care was seen to be significant. Individual factors such as educational background, career experience, learning style, motivation to learn and/or to support learning also influenced the growth of developmental relationships and the behaviours used by managers. The study has identified nine categories of facilitative behaviours: caring, informing, being professional, advising, assessing, thinking, empowering, developing developers and challenging. Eight categories of inhibitory behaviours, which mirror some of the facilitative behaviours, were identified and these are; being unassertive, not giving time, being task-orientated, withholding information, being dogmatic, not assessing, not thinking and controlling. The thesis concludes by discussing implications for theory and practice that have emerged from this study. This includes the presentation of a Developmental Manager model, a future research agenda and lessons for stakeholders, such as employers, HRD specialists, managers and the academic community. In this final chapter the author also engages in a process of epistemic reflexivity

Faktor-faktor yang Mempengaruhi Angka Kuman pada Peralatan Makan di Lapas Wanita Klas Iia Semarang

Prison is a place coaching and protege correctional prisoners in Indonesia. They have the same rights as other members of society to achieve the level of health, one of which is food. Therefore, food hygiene are concerned. Tableware plays an important role in the occurrence of food poisoning. According to data from the Directorate General of Communicable Disease Control, 30% of cases of poisoning caused by food or catering cutlery services that are not clean. Kepmenkes no.1908 2003 mentions the equipment in direct contact with food must not contain germs> 100 colonies / cm2. This study aims to determine the factors that influence the number of bacteria on the cutlery in the female prison Semarang class IIA. Research conducted on 51 respondents with cross sectional approach. The research result shows the characteristics of respondents aged 26-35 is the most respondents with elementary and junior high education level and length of stay 1-5 years. Conclusion of the study is a factor that affects the amount of germs among other equipment washing technique (p = 0.002) and storage of cutlery (p = 0.000). Suggestion research is necessary to hold training equipment washing and improve tableware storage facilities

Evading Miller

Miller v. Alabama appeared to strengthen constitutional protections for juvenile sentencing that the United States Supreme Court recognized in Roper v. Simmons and Graham v. Florida. In Roper, the Court held that executing a person for a crime committed as a juvenile is unconstitutional under the Eighth Amendment. In Graham, the Court held that sentencing a person to life without parole for a nonhomicide offense committed as a juvenile is unconstitutional under the Eighth Amendment. In Miller, the Court held that a mandatory sentence of life without parole for a homicide offense committed by a juvenile is also unconstitutional under the Eighth Amendment. When Miller was decided, “nearly 2,500 prisoners [were] presently serving life sentences without the possibility of parole for murders they committed before the age of 18,” with over 2,000 of them sentenced under a mandatory sentencing scheme. But with no explicit pronouncement regarding retroactivity, states were left to determine whether Miller applied to persons whose sentences were already final by the time Miller was decided. States that considered Miller retroactive then had to determine how those persons should be resentenced. There was also a prospective problem: aside from knowing that certain mandatory sentencing schemes were unconstitutional, states were left to apply the Court’s observations regarding the differences between youth and adults for purposes of sentencing. In the three years since Miller, states have responded with a variety of approaches; some state legislatures responded proactively, while others let their courts decide. Some states have been faithful to the premise that juveniles should be sentenced differently from adults, while others have resisted it. The result is a patchwork of sentencing regimes that has benefited some juveniles, but has left thousands of others languishing in prison with no meaningful change to their sentences. Commentator Mary Berkheiser notes: “The worst of it is that those who were sentenced to die in prison when they were as young as fourteen may yet be recondemned to live out that sentence.” That thousands remain in prison with no relief for crimes committed as juveniles—even following Miller—is due in part to the Court’s failure to explicitly make a pronouncement regarding retroactivity, as well as the lack of clarity regarding what protections are constitutionally required when juvenile offenders are sentenced, and when those protections apply. Without clear guidance, it is unsurprising that the states primarily responsible for sentencing juvenile offenders to life without parole have found ways to circumvent the premise animating Miller: that juvenile offenders should receive an individualized assessment of their biological traits and environmental influences when being sentenced to the law’s harshest penalties

Evading Miller

Miller v. Alabama appeared to strengthen constitutional protections for juvenile sentencing that the United States Supreme Court recognized in Roper v. Simmons and Graham v. Florida. In Roper, the Court held that executing a person for a crime committed as a juvenile is unconstitutional under the Eighth Amendment. In Graham, the Court held that sentencing a person to life without parole for a nonhomicide offense committed as a juvenile is unconstitutional under the Eighth Amendment. In Miller, the Court held that a mandatory sentence of life without parole for a homicide offense committed by a juvenile is also unconstitutional under the Eighth Amendment. When Miller was decided, “nearly 2,500 prisoners [were] presently serving life sentences without the possibility of parole for murders they committed before the age of 18,” with over 2,000 of them sentenced under a mandatory sentencing scheme. But with no explicit pronouncement regarding retroactivity, states were left to determine whether Miller applied to persons whose sentences were already final by the time Miller was decided. States that considered Miller retroactive then had to determine how those persons should be resentenced. There was also a prospective problem: aside from knowing that certain mandatory sentencing schemes were unconstitutional, states were left to apply the Court’s observations regarding the differences between youth and adults for purposes of sentencing. In the three years since Miller, states have responded with a variety of approaches; some state legislatures responded proactively, while others let their courts decide. Some states have been faithful to the premise that juveniles should be sentenced differently from adults, while others have resisted it. The result is a patchwork of sentencing regimes that has benefited some juveniles, but has left thousands of others languishing in prison with no meaningful change to their sentences. Commentator Mary Berkheiser notes: “The worst of it is that those who were sentenced to die in prison when they were as young as fourteen may yet be recondemned to live out that sentence.” That thousands remain in prison with no relief for crimes committed as juveniles—even following Miller—is due in part to the Court’s failure to explicitly make a pronouncement regarding retroactivity, as well as the lack of clarity regarding what protections are constitutionally required when juvenile offenders are sentenced, and when those protections apply. Without clear guidance, it is unsurprising that the states primarily responsible for sentencing juvenile offenders to life without parole have found ways to circumvent the premise animating Miller: that juvenile offenders should receive an individualized assessment of their biological traits and environmental influences when being sentenced to the law’s harshest penalties