Тенииды диких и домашних плотоядных в Центральном Черноземье

The purpose of the research is evaluation of modern taeniidae species diversity in the wild of Central Black Earth and their classification according to the hosts. Materials and methods. Materials of authentic helminthological researches are at a fundamental level of present work. Animals’ bodies have received in Voronezh Reserve and in cross-border regions (Voronezh and Lipetsk regions) in 2014–2017. Helminthological materials of Voronezh Reserve parasitological laboratory over 1985–2013 years have also been worked out by us. Helminths collection have been conducted from more than 200 wild and domestic carnivores belonging to 12 species (common fox, wolf, racoon-like dog, eurasian badger, true otter, common marten, beech-marten, polecat of steppe, eastern mink, weasel, domesticated dog, cat) have been conducted according to the methods of complete and fragmentary helminthological autopsy (Ivashkin et. al 1971) Tapeworms were immobilized in 70% ethanol. Morphology and taxonomical researches of helminths have been conducted using microscopes MBS-10, Motic-SMZ161 and Biomed-6 with digital video camera. Indicators, mongraphic works and specialized articles were used for taxonomical diagnostics of tapeworms. Existing taeniidae classification is correspond to modern taxonomical indexation (Gibson et al., 2014; Lavikainen, 2016). Such parameters as prevalence, infection intensity and abundance index were used for evaluation of quantitative indicator of hosts' degree of infection.Results and discussion. 9 species of Taeniidae were recorded in wild and domestic carnivores on experimental territory (Taenia hydatigena, T. pisiformis, T. martis, T. crassiceps, T. krabbei,T. polyacantha, Hydatigera taeniaeformis, Echinococcus multilocularis, E. granulosus) including 8 species were recorded in wild carnivores, 3 species were recorded in domestic carnivores. 2 species are common for these groups of hosts (T. crassiceps, H. taeniaeformis). T. hydatigena, H. taeniaeformis, E. multilocularis, E. granulosus. have an important epidemiological and epizootological value on the experimental territory. These species under Central Black Earth conditions classified as natural focal helminthosis agent.Цель исследований: оценка современного видового разнообразия тениид в природных условиях Центрального Черноземья и их распределение по хозяевам.Материалы и методы. В основе данной работы лежат материалы оригинальных гельминтологических исследований. Тушки животных получены в Воронежском заповеднике и на сопредельных территориях (Воронежская и Липецкая области) в 2014–2017 гг. Также нами обработаны коллекционные гельминтологические материалы Лаборатории паразитологии Воронежского заповедника за 1985–2013 гг. Сборы гельминтов проводили методами полных и фрагментарных гельминтологических вскрытий (Ивашкин и др., 1971) от более 200 особей диких и домашних хищных млекопитающих, принадлежащих к 12 видам (лисица обыкновенная, волк, собака енотовидная, барсук обыкновенный, выдра речная, куница лесная, куница каменная, хорь степной, норка американская, ласка, собака домашняя, кошка). Цестод фиксировали в 70%-ном этаноле. Морфолого-таксономические исследования гельминтов проводили с использованием микроскопов МБС-10, Motic-SMZ161 и Биомед-6 с цифровой видеокамерой. Для таксономической диагностики цестод использовали определители, монографические работы и специализированные статьи. Используемая номенклатура тениид соответствует современной таксономической индексации (Gibson et al., 2014; Lavikainen, 2016). Для оценки количественных показателей зараженности хозяев использовали показатели: экстенсивность инвазии, интенсивность инвазии и индекс обилия.Результаты и обсуждение. У диких и домашних плотоядных на исследуемой территории зарегистрировано 9 видов тениид (Taenia hydatigena, T. pisiformis, T. martis, T. crassiceps, T. krabbei, T. polyacantha, Hydatigera taeniaeformis, Echinococcus multilocularis, E. granulosus), в том числе у диких хищников выявлено 8 видов, у домашних плотоядных зарегистрировано 3 вида. Общими для этих групп хозяев являются 2 вида (T. crassiceps, H. taeniaeformis). Важное эпидемиологическое и эпизоотологическое значение на исследуемой территории имеют T. hydatigena, H. taeniaeformis, E. multilocularis, E. granulosus. Эти виды в условиях Центрального Черноземья отнесены к возбудителям природно-очаговых паразитозов

ЭКОЛОГО-БИОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ АСПЕКТЫ ЦИРКУЛЯЦИИ ОПИСТОРХИД В УСЛОВИЯХ ВОРОНЕЖСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

Objective of research: a study on the ecological and biological features of circulation of opisthorchiasis in conditions of Upper Don river (Voronezh region) based on retrospective and modern original materials. Materials and methods: wild carnivores (fox, stone marten, pine marten, American mink), and domestic carnivores (dog and cat) were examined by the method of full helminthological autopsy. Cyprinid fish have been investigated by compression method. The number of Opisthorchis metacercaria in fish muscles were calculated to determine the number values. Taxonomic studies were carried out using the field guides. Processing of whole-mount and terminal preparations from larval and adult trematodes was conducted by standard and laboratory-developed methods. The index of abundance, intensity and extensity of infection were used to evaluate the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of infestation and the prevalence of larval and adult opisthorchids in hosts. Results and discussion: 4 types of opisthorchids were registered in Voronezh region: Opisthorchis felineus, Pseudamphistomum truncatum, Metorchis bilis and M. xanthosomus. It was determined that first of all the opisthorchiasis foci occur at small rivers. Opisthorchis marites were found in 5 types of mammals in natural ecosystems of Voronezh region. Domestic cats play a key role in circulation of opisthorchiasis in anthropogenic ecosystems of Voronezh region. The evaluation of infestation of cyprinid fish with Opisthorchis metacercariae was presented. It was found that with respect to invasion and accumulation of Opisthorchis metacercariae there are 3 dominant types of cyprinid fish: roach, redfin and bleak leading.Цель исследования – изучение эколого-биологических особенностей циркуляции описторхоза в условиях бассейна Верхнего Дона (Воронежская область) на основе ретроспективных и современных оригинальных материалов. Материалы и методы. Методом полного гельминтологического вскрытия исследованы хищные млекопитающие – лисица, куница каменная, куница лесная, норка американская и домашние плотоядные – собака и кошка. Рыбу карповых пород исследовали компрессорным методом. Для определения показателей численности подсчитывали число метацеркарий описторхид в мышцах рыб. Таксономические исследования проводили по определителям. Изготовление тотальных и временных препаратов из личинок и взрослых форм трематод проводили по разработанным и общепринятым методикам. Для оценки качественных и количественных показателей зараженности и распределения личинок и взрослых форм описторхид в хозяевах использовали индекс обилия, интенсивность и экстенсивность инвазии. Результаты и обсуждение. На территории Воронежской области зарегистрировано 4 вида описторхид: Opisthorchis felineus, Pseudamphistomum truncatum, Metorchis bilis и M. xanthosomus. Показано, что очаги описторхидозов в условиях исследуемой территории приурочены в первую очередь к малым рекам. Мариты описторхид в природных экосистемах Воронежской области зарегистрированы у 5 видов млекопитающих. В антропогенных экосистемах Воронежской области ведущую роль в циркуляции описторхидозов играет домашняя кошка. Проведена оценка зараженности карповых рыб метацеркариями описторхид. Показано, что доминантами с точки зрения зараженности и накопления метацеркарий описторхид являются 3 вида карповых рыб: плотва, красноперка и уклейка

ГЕЛЬМИНТЫ ДИКИХ ПЛОТОЯДНЫХ ВОРОНЕЖСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ: ЭКОЛОГО-ФАУНИСТИЧЕСКИЙ АНАЛИЗ

Fauna of helminthes of wild carnivorous in Voronezh region is presented by 33 species, including 6 species - Trematoda, 9 - Cestoda, 17 - Nematoda. The highest rates of specific variety of helminths are noted at fox - 24 species. Two species of cestodes - Echinococcus multilocularis and Taenia krabbei and five species of nematodes - Dirofilaria immitis, D. repens, Ascaris columnaris, Stron- gyloides martis and Eucoleus paranalis are registered in Voronezh region for the first timeСовременная гельминтофауна диких плотоядных на территории Воронежской области представлена 33 видами паразитических червей, в т. ч. 6 видов - трематоды, 9 - цестоды, 17 - нематоды. Наиболее вы- сокие показатели видового разнообразия гельминтов отмечены у лисицы - 24 вида. Впервые на исследуемой территории зарегистрированы два вида цестод - Echinococcusmultilocularis и Taenia krabbei и пять ви- дов нематод - Dirofilariaimmitis, D. repens, Ascariscolumnaris, Strongyloides martis и Eucoleus paranali

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Effective control of sars-cov-2 transmission between healthcare workers during a period of diminished community prevalence of covid-19

Previously, we showed that 3% (31/1032)of asymptomatic healthcare workers (HCWs) from a large teaching hospital in Cambridge, UK, tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 in April 2020. About 15% (26/169) HCWs with symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) also tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 (Rivett et al., 2020). Here, we show that the proportion of both asymptomatic and symptomatic HCWs testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 rapidly declined to nearzero between 25th April and 24th May 2020, corresponding to a decline in patient admissions with COVID-19 during the ongoing UK ‘lockdown’. These data demonstrate how infection prevention and control measures including staff testing may help prevent hospitals from becoming independent ‘hubs’ of SARS-CoV-2 transmission, and illustrate how, with appropriate precautions, organizations in other sectors may be able to resume on-site work safely

Combined Point-of-Care Nucleic Acid and Antibody Testing for SARS-CoV-2 following Emergence of D614G Spike Variant

Rapid COVID-19 diagnosis in the hospital is essential, although this is complicated by 30%–50% of nose/throat swabs being negative by SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT). Furthermore, the D614G spike mutant dominates the pandemic and it is unclear how serological tests designed to detect anti-spike antibodies perform against this variant. We assess the diagnostic accuracy of combined rapid antibody point of care (POC) and nucleic acid assays for suspected COVID-19 disease due to either wild-type or the D614G spike mutant SARS-CoV-2. The overall detection rate for COVID-19 is 79.2% (95% CI 57.8–92.9) by rapid NAAT alone. The combined point of care antibody test and rapid NAAT is not affected by D614G and results in very high sensitivity for COVID-19 diagnosis with very high specificity

SARS-CoV-2 spike N-terminal domain modulates TMPRSS2-dependent viral entry and fusogenicity

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike N-terminal domain (NTD) remains poorly characterized despite enrichment of mutations in this region across variants of concern (VOCs). Here, we examine the contribution of the NTD to infection and cell-cell fusion by constructing chimeric spikes bearing B.1.617 lineage (Delta and Kappa variants) NTDs and generating spike pseudotyped lentivirus. We find that the Delta NTD on a Kappa or wild-type (WT) background increases S1/S2 cleavage efficiency and virus entry, specifically in lung cells and airway organoids, through use of TMPRSS2. Delta exhibits increased cell-cell fusogenicity that could be conferred to WT and Kappa spikes by Delta NTD transfer. However, chimeras of Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 spikes with a Delta NTD do not show more efficient TMPRSS2 use or fusogenicity. We conclude that the NTD allosterically modulates S1/S2 cleavage and spike-mediated functions in a spike context-dependent manner, and allosteric interactions may be lost when combining regions from more distantly related VOCs

Longitudinal analysis reveals that delayed bystander CD8+ T cell activation and early immune pathology distinguish severe COVID-19 from mild disease

The kinetics of the immune changes in COVID-19 across severity groups have not been rigorously assessed. Using immunophenotyping, RNA sequencing, and serum cytokine analysis, we analyzed serial samples from 207 SARS-CoV2-infected individuals with a range of disease severities over 12 weeks from symptom onset. An early robust bystander CD8+ T cell immune response, without systemic inflammation, characterized asymptomatic or mild disease. Hospitalized individuals had delayed bystander responses and systemic inflammation that was already evident near symptom onset, indicating that immunopathology may be inevitable in some individuals. Viral load did not correlate with this early pathological response but did correlate with subsequent disease severity. Immune recovery is complex, with profound persistent cellular abnormalities in severe disease correlating with altered inflammatory responses, with signatures associated with increased oxidative phosphorylation replacing those driven by cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin (IL)-6. These late immunometabolic and immune defects may have clinical implications

Age-related immune response heterogeneity to SARS-CoV-2 vaccine BNT162b2

Although two-dose mRNA vaccination provides excellent protection against SARS-CoV-2, there is little information about vaccine efficacy against variants of concern (VOC) in individuals above eighty years of age1. Here we analysed immune responses following vaccination with the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine2 in elderly participants and younger healthcare workers. Serum neutralization and levels of binding IgG or IgA after the first vaccine dose were lower in older individuals, with a marked drop in participants over eighty years old. Sera from participants above eighty showed lower neutralization potency against the B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.351 (Beta) and P.1. (Gamma) VOC than against the wild-type virus and were more likely to lack any neutralization against VOC following the first dose. However, following the second dose, neutralization against VOC was detectable regardless of age. The frequency of SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific memory B cells was higher in elderly responders (whose serum showed neutralization activity) than in non-responders after the first dose. Elderly participants showed a clear reduction in somatic hypermutation of class-switched cells. The production of interferon-γ and interleukin-2 by SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific T cells was lower in older participants, and both cytokines were secreted primarily by CD4 T cells. We conclude that the elderly are a high-risk population and that specific measures to boost vaccine responses in this population are warranted, particularly where variants of concern are circulating

SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.2 Delta variant replication and immune evasion

The B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first identified in the state of Maharashtra in late 2020 and spread throughout India, outcompeting pre-existing lineages including B.1.617.1 (Kappa) and B.1.1.7 (Alpha)1. In vitro, B.1.617.2 is sixfold less sensitive to serum neutralizing antibodies from recovered individuals, and eightfold less sensitive to vaccine-elicited antibodies, compared with wild-type Wuhan-1 bearing D614G. Serum neutralizing titres against B.1.617.2 were lower in ChAdOx1 vaccinees than in BNT162b2 vaccinees. B.1.617.2 spike pseudotyped viruses exhibited compromised sensitivity to monoclonal antibodies to the receptor-binding domain and the amino-terminal domain. B.1.617.2 demonstrated higher replication efficiency than B.1.1.7 in both airway organoid and human airway epithelial systems, associated with B.1.617.2 spike being in a predominantly cleaved state compared with B.1.1.7 spike. The B.1.617.2 spike protein was able to mediate highly efficient syncytium formation that was less sensitive to inhibition by neutralizing antibody, compared with that of wild-type spike. We also observed that B.1.617.2 had higher replication and spike-mediated entry than B.1.617.1, potentially explaining the B.1.617.2 dominance. In an analysis of more than 130 SARS-CoV-2-infected health care workers across three centres in India during a period of mixed lineage circulation, we observed reduced ChAdOx1 vaccine effectiveness against B.1.617.2 relative to non-B.1.617.2, with the caveat of possible residual confounding. Compromised vaccine efficacy against the highly fit and immune-evasive B.1.617.2 Delta variant warrants continued infection control measures in the post-vaccination era