PREVALENCE OF MULTIDRUG RESISTANT ESCHERICHIA COLI AND KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE SPECIES ISOLATED FROM URINE SAMPLES OF PATIENTS AT ALEX EKWUEME FEDERAL UNIVERSITY TEACHING HOSPITAL ABAKALIKI, EBONYI STATE, NIGERIA

Aim and Objective: In hospitals and community, morbidity and mortality are attributed to urinary tract infections (UTIs). This study investigated the prevalence of multi-drug resistant isolates of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species from urine samples of patients visiting Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital Abakaliki (AE-FUTHA), Ebonyi State. Method: With the use of standard microbiological and biochemical techniques for analysis, a total of 300 mid-stream samples of urine were collected in sterile bottles. Phynotype screening for extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) production was achieved by double disc synergy test (DDST). Disc diffusion method was used to check for ESBL producing bacteria susceptible to antibiotics. With specific primers, the presence of temoniera (TEM) and sulfhydryl variable (SHV) beta lactamases genes was determined using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: 88 isolates of E coli and Klebsiella species were isolated from the urine samples; 29 were E coli and 59 were K. pneumonia species. 47 ESBL positive isolates were identified with E. coli, 19 (40%) and Klebsiella, 28 (60%). Escherichia coli isolated from GOPD patients, gynecology, and men's surgery ward were 100% resistant to ofloxacin, ceftazidime, amoxicillin, nitrofurantoin, chloramphenicol, and aztreonam, while Klebsiella species isolated from gynecology department, maternity ward, and psychiatric ward were 100% resistant to ofloxacin, Nitrofurantoin and chloramphenicol. Multiple antibiotics resistance index (MARI) of E. coli and Klebsiella species isolated recorded an average of 0.64 for E. coli and 0.41 for Klebsiella species.The molecular analysis revealed that 44.4% of SHV beta lactamase and 65.6% TEM-type β-lactamase genes were present in ESBL producing E. coli while 54.5% of SHV beta lactamase gene and 45.5% TEM-type β-lactamase genes were present in ESBL producing Klebsiella species. Conlusion: In conclusion, TEM and SHV-type β-lactamase genes are the primary cause of β-lactam antibiotic resistance in E. Coli and Klebsiella species resulting in increased infections caused by organisms harboring the ESBL gene. Nitrofurantoin, ceftazidime, cefalexin, and cefotaxime may be the antibiotic of choice in the treatment of UTIs.                          Peer Review History: Received: 1 January 2023; Revised: 14 February; Accepted: 7 March 2023, Available online: 15 March 2023 Academic Editor: Dr. Amany Mohamed Alboghdadly, Princess Nourah bint abdulrahman university, Riyadh, [email protected] Received file:                             Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 5.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10 Reviewers: Prof. Hassan A.H. Al-Shamahy, Sana'a University, Yemen, [email protected] Dr. Tamer Elhabibi, Suez Canal University, Egypt, [email protected] Similar Articles: ANALYSIS OF THE ANTIBIOGRAM PROFILES OF BIOFILM FORMING STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS AND ESCHERICHIA COL

Trichomonas vaginalis Associated with Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes: Implications for Maternal Health Care Delivery System in South Eastern Nigeria

Pregnant women infected with Trichomonas vaginalis are often untreated and evidence from the biology and epidemiology of the organism suggests that it may play an important role in causing adverse pregnancy outcomes. Using high vaginal swab from consenting pregnant women, a follow-up hospital based survey of T. vaginalis infection and its effect on pregnancy outcome among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics was conducted. Pregnancy outcome was determined on the basis of delivery before 37 weeks of gestation (according to general standards), low birth weight infants and neonatal conjunctivitis. The presence of T. vaginalis was re-examined at the point of delivery to exclude treated cases of infection during gestation period. Of the 688 pregnant women who gave birth within the study period, 89(12.9%) were positive for T. vaginalis with 31(19.38%) of the positive patients having pre-term delivery. Also, of the total of 89 infants from the infected mothers, 21(24.14%) had low birth weight of below 2.5 Kg, while 31(18.8%) had conjunctivitis. The result shows that the infection of T. vaginalis during pregnancy is significantly associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. In view of the public health importance of this common sexually transmitted disease (STD), we advocate routine surveillance of trichomoniasis among pregnant women and prompt treatment of infected individuals and their sexual partners

ISSN 2141-2618 ©2011 Academic Journals

Comparison of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms) with conventional culture and biochemical method of bacteria identification to species leve

Fecal carriage of extended spectrum beta-lactamase and fluoroquinolone resistant gene in non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica isolates from food-producing animals and humans

This study seeks to determine the feacal carriage of extended spectrum beta-lactamase and fluoroquinolone resistant non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica isolates from food-producing animals and humans.  A total of three hundred (300) fecal samples were collected using sterile universal containers from food-producing animals namely (Chicken [100], Pig [100] and humans (100) from Onicha Local Government Area of Ebonyi State and analyzed for the presence of non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica using standard microbiological techniques.  Phenotypic detection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) were done by disc diffusion and Double Disk Synergy Test. Molecular characterization for ESBL and fluoroquinolone-resistant genes were done by PCR with specific primers. The result shows that non-typhoidal Salmonella species (NTS) accounted for 25 % and 17 % in poultry and pig fecal sample respectively while 60 % and 40% were phenotypic ESBL producers respectively. When compared statistically there is significant difference among isolates confirmed ESBL-positive (P˂ 0.05). Also, none of the 16 (58 %) NTS isolated from humans harbored ESBL phenotype. PCR analysis with β-lactam specific primer detected the presence of blaOXA 50 % and 50 %, blaSHV 36 %, and 64 %, blaTEM 43 % and 57 %, blaCTX-M 36 % and 64 % in poultry and pig respectively. Fluoroquinolone resistant gene QnrA was present in 0 and 100 % of poultry and pig respectively. QnrB was 40 % and 60 % in poultry and pig isolates respectively. QnrS was present in 64 % isolates of poultry and 13 % isolates in pig. The high prevalence of genes encoding beta-lactamases and fluoroquinolone resistance (TEM, SHV, CTX-M and OXA, (qnrA, qnrB and qnrS) were present more in poultry and pig than in humans and demonstrate a significant public health threat from consumption of food-producing animal harboring such pathogenic resistant genotype if not properly controlled. Keywords: Extended spectrum beta-lactamase, Fluoroquinolone, non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica, feacal carriag

CHARACTERIZATION OF MULTI-DRUG RESISTANCE LIVESTOCK ACQUIRED METHICILLIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS (LA-MRSA) ISOLATES FROM DIFFERENT SWINE FARMS IN ENUGU METROPOLIS, NIGERIA

Aim and Objective: Globally, livestock animals, particularly swine, calves and poultry are colonized by Livestock acquired methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) (LA-MRSA). This study was aimed at screening for multi-drug resistant in LA-MRSA strains isolated from swine from selected swine farm within Enugu metropolis. Methods: A total of 307 pig nasal swabs samples were collected, from farm A (76), farm B (116) and from C (108) in Enugu metropolis. Then within 1 hour of collection, samples were transferred to the Caritas University Microbiology Laboratory unit for bacteriological analysis using a standard microbiological isolation and identification protocol. Isolated S. aureus and LA-MRSA strain were phenol-typing screened and identified for MRSA using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method with 1 μg oxacillin/30μg cefoxitin antibiotic Disc and Tetracycline Disk Test respectively. Antibiogram studies of LA-MRSA against several antibiotic discs and multiple antibiotic resistance indexes were determined. Results: Results showed overall isolation rate of 76.2 % S. aureus comprising of 90.5 %, 80.3 % and 62.9 % in Farm B, Farm A and Farm C respectively, total MRSA detection rate of 125 (40.7%) comprising Farm A 50.0 %, Farm B 46.6 %, Farm C 30.6 %.  LA-MRSA were identified in 84(27.4%) of swine with high proportion of 29(38.2 %) in Farm A followed by Farm C30(27.8%) and Farm B 25(21.6 %). LA-MRSA from Farm A Nursery: 27.3%, Weaning 0.0 %, Grower 77.0 % while Farm B Nursery 24.1 %, Weaning 0.0 %, Grower 7.3 %, finisher 100 % and Farm C Nursery 28.0 %, Grower 34.5 % and finisher 53.3 %. LA-MRSA isolates exhibited a significantly (p≤0.05) high % resistance within the range of 50-100 % against tetracycline, erythromycin, cefotaxime, clindamycin, Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole and exhibit MDR with MARI value ≥0.3 but were susceptible to ciprofloxacin 77.8 %, amikacin 100 % and imipenem 100 %. Conclusion: LA-MRSA strains increased levels of MDR phenotype suggest that the emergence of LA-MRSA in swine up keeping could be promoted through veterinary antibiotics. Thus, to prevent antimicrobial resistance in both animals and humans, joint cross-examination of multi-resistant livestock acquired S. aureus, with an incorporated ‘One Health’ advancement are needed for effective curbing and control measures for LA-MRSA infections.                           Peer Review History: Received: 1 September 2022; Revised: 12 October; Accepted: 4 November, Available online: 15 November 2022 Academic Editor: Prof. Dr. Gorkem Dulger, Duzce University, Turkey, [email protected] Received file:                             Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 5.5/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10 Reviewers: Dr. U. S. Mahadeva Rao, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Terengganu Malaysia, [email protected] Prof. Cyprian Ogbonna ONYEJI, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria, [email protected] Similar Articles:   PREVALENCE OF METHICILLIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS (MRSA) AND ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERNS AT A PRIVATE HOSPITAL IN SANA'A, YEME

Phenotypic and molecular characterization of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. causing childhood diarrhoea in Awka, South-Eastern Nigeria

Abstract Background Diarrhoea is a major cause of childhood disease in the developing countries. This experimental study investigated the prevalence of ESBL and MBL genes in enteropathogenic strains of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. isolated from diarrheagenic children in Awka, Nigeria. Methods Two hundred stool samples were collected from diarrhea patients in three paediatric hospitals within Awka metropolis, Nigeria. All E. coli and Salmonella spp. isolated through standard bacteriological methods were subjected to antibiotic-susceptibility testing. Double disc synergy and imipenem-EDTA combined disc tests were used to phenotypically confirm the presence of ESBL and MBL respectively. PCR amplification of β-lactamase genes was done. Results The prevalence of E. coli and Salmonella species in this study were 54% and 24.5% respectively. The organisms were highly resistant to metronidazole, cefuroxime and ceftazidime, and also showed a high sensitivity to nitrofurantoin and gentamicin. ESBL production was recorded in E. coli (49%) and Salmonella spp. (51.1%) while 27 isolates of E. coli (25%) and 7 isolates of Salmonella spp. were confirmed MBL positive by the combined disk diffusion technique. Eleven E. coli and 4 Salmonella spp. co-harbored both ESBL and MBL production. The most prevalent MBL gene in this study is the bla VIM gene (18.8%) which mediate MBL production in Gram negative bacteria; and this was followed by bla SHV (12.5%), bla TEM and bla CTX-M (6.3% each) for E. coli isolates. Salmonella spp. was recorded to have bla VIM (28.8%), bla SHV (28.8%), bla TEM (14.3%) and bla CTX-M (14.3%) genes. Conclusions This study reveals the prevalence of enteropathogenic E. coli and Salmonella strains bacteriologically recovered from diarrheic children in Awka, Nigeria, and which were found to be multiple resistant to clinically-relevant antibiotics because they co-express ESBL and MBL genes which mediate multidrug resistance in Gram negative bacteria

Comparison of Antibiotic-Resistant Pattern of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase and Carbapenem-Resistant Escherichia Coli Isolates from Clinical and Non-Clinical Sources

The increasing rate of antibiotic resistance among E. coli especially those mediated by extended spectrum beta-lactamases and carbapenem-resistant (CR) presents a major threat to public health and healthcare delivery globally. The aim of this research was to compare the antibiotic resistant pattern of extended spectrum beta-lactamase and carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli isolates from clinical and non-clinical sources. A total of two hundred and fifteen (215) clinical and non-clinical samples were collected for the study. The collected samples were analysis using Standard Microbiological protocol for isolation and identification. Phenotypic detection of ESBL Production and carbapenem resistant was performed using Double Disk Synergy Test (DDST) and Modified Hodge Test (MHT) respectively. Antibiogram studies of ESBL producing and Carbapenem-resistant E. coli was determined using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method. The result of isolation and characterization revealed higher occurrence rate of clinical isolates of E. coli  66.1 % over non-clinical sample 54.0%. Phenotypic ESBL screening of isolated E. coli revealed overall detection rate of 35(30.4 %) and 13(13.0 %) in clinical and non-clinical source respectively while overall detection rate of carbapenem resistant ESBL producers accounted 9.6 % and 8.0 % in clinical and non-clinical isolates respectively. The isolates exhibited high percentage of resistance to nitrofurantion 100 %, cefepime 100 % colistin 66.7 %, amikacin 50.0 % and also exhibit MDR with MARI value of ≥ 0.5. Comparison of antibiotic resistant pattern of carbapenem-resistant extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing E. coli isolates from clinical and non-clinical sources showed no statistical significant difference P-value < 0.05 but were 100 % susceptible to ciprofloxacin and gentamicin. The pattern of similar MDR portrayed by clinical and non-clinical isolate should not be overlooked due to its hyper-motility and virulence domination leading to possible AMR transfer to other bacterial organisms and also, appropriate measures such as pretreatment of animal excrement before being used as fertilizers and the quality of irrigation water, hospital effluent discharge need to be taken into consideration to prevent the spread of resistant determinant. Keywords: Escherichia coli, Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase, Carbapenem-Resistant, clinical, non-clinica