247 research outputs found
On leaf-beetles of the genus Palpoxena Baly, 1861 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) from Malaysia and Indonesia
Four new species of the genus Palpoxena Baly, 1861 are described from Malaysia and Indonesia. Palpoxena achehensis sp. n. belongs to the P. bipartita (Jacoby, 1879) species group from Sumatra. This species has red elytra with the basal part black, the maxillary palpomere III is swollen, not flattened, eyes large, the antennomere III is strongly modified hook-shaped; the space between antennal sockets is flattened; the clypeus is with deep and wide excavation almost reaching eyes, the narrow space between them with the tubercle bearing the tuft of bristles on each side; antennae are slender, extended beyond apex of elytra; antennomere III is slightly flattened, antennomeres IVβV are cylindrical. Palpoxena sp. and Palpoxena klimenkoi sp. n. belong to the P. laeta Baly, 1861 species group from Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra and Borneo. Palpoxena sp. from Sumatra, having the strongly enlarged and swollen protarsomere I, is most similar to Palpoxena shayakhmetovai Kizub, 2016 from Peninsular Malaysia and is possibly a Sumatran subspecies of the latter taxon. Although there are slight differences between them in the body colouration, the shape of the aedeagus and in the length/width ratio of the protarsomere I; it is not described as a new to sciences in this paper. Palpoxena klimenkoi sp. n. differs from other members of the species group by the following combination of characters: elytra dark bluish with narrow basal area; epipleura have very narrow sutural margin and wide apical area brown; antennomeres IIIβVIII are thickened, about 1.4β1.5 times wider than antennomere II, covered with not dense, short and adpressed setae on the ventral surface; the maxillary palpomere III is half-ellipsoid, with the slightly elongated and sharpened apical margin. Palpoxena parasabahensis sp. n. belongs to the P. variabilis (Jacoby, 1886) species group from Borneo. This new species differs from other members of the group by elytra green with reddish brown apex and entirely brown legs. In addition, only this species has the apex of the antennomere I with the protruding outer corner and the labrum with two long structures on inner side. Palpoxena trusmadiensis sp. n. has elytra green-blue or blue and tibiae darkened. This species differs from all congeners by the shape of the maxillary palpomere III which is slightly enlarged and flattened, but just a little wider than the palpomere II. Figures of the general view and the aedeagus are given for mentioned above and related species. A new key for males of the genus Palpoxena from Malaysia and Indonesia is proposed
A new species of the genus Mimastra Baly, 1865 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae) with cross-like elytral pattern from Vietnam
One new species, Mimastra levmedvedevi sp.Β n. from the group of species with crosslike elytral pattern, is described from Vietnam. Mimastra levmedvedevi sp.Β n. is most similar to M. arcuata from which differs by details of coloration and by the apex of aedeagus with rather narrow, not emarginate tip on the apex. The figures of general view and aedeagus are given for the new and close specie
To the knowledge of the leaf-beetles of the genus Taumacera Thunberg, 1814 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) from Malaysia, Indonesia, and Thailand
Ten new species of the genus Taumacera Thunberg, 1814 are described from Malaysia, Indonesia, and Thailand: T. alexklimenkoi sp. n. from the viridis species-group; T. lamellicornis sp. n. from the insignis speciesgroup; T. pseudoantennata sp. n. from the antennata species-group; T. pseudonigricornis sp. n. from the nigricornis species-group; T. sinabungensis sp. n. and T. trizonalis sp. n. from the deusta species-group. Taumacera bezdeki sp. n. and T. moseykoi sp. n., having long antennae covered long, erected setae and metatibiae with apical process, as well as T. carinatipennis sp. n. and T. unicoloripennis sp. n., having not modified antenna and metatibiae with apical process, are unassigned to any species-group. The figures of general views and aedeagi are given for them and the majority of related species. The new identification keys for males of the antennata and the nigricornis species-groups, as well as for the Sumatran representatives of the deusta species-group with the angulate pronotum are proposed. A new colour form of T. monstrosa (Jacoby, 1899) with darkened elytra is described from Sumatra. Taumacera javanensis (Jacoby, 1895) has antennomeres VII and VIII dilated with distinct spine directed backwards on the latter and is assigned to the antennata species-group. The lectotype of T. javanensis is designated. The following new synonymy is proposed: Taumacera antennata (Mohamedsaid, 1997) = T. musaamani (Mohamedsaid, 2010), syn. n
To the knowledge of the leaf-beetle fauna (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) of the Russian Far East
Cryptocephalus (Burlinius) flavolimbatus Pic, 1920 is recorded from Russia for the first time. This species has the aedeagus with the long and thin apical process and belongs to the group of yellow species with a black pattern on the elytra and the distinctly punctured pronotum. New records of Lema concinnipennis Baly, 1865, Chaetocnema kimotoi Gruev, 1980, Neocrepidodera ohkawai Takizawa, 2002, Phyllotreta rectilineata Chen, 1939 in Russia are provided. Photographs of spermathecae and a new identification key for females externally similar species Tricholochmaea ussuriensis Romantsov, 2021, T. semifulva (Jacoby, 1885) and Pyrrhalta flavescens (Weise, 1887) are given for the first time; the general view of T. ussuriensis is imaged for the first time. The material on the rare and little-known species Cryptocephalus gussakovskii Lopatin, 1952 was studied and the lectotype (female) of this species is designated; the paralectotype (male) was probably lost. The original description and futher interpretations of this species incompletely correspond to the lectotype. In the majority of keys this species differs from other representatives of the subgenus Burlinius Lopatin, 1965 only in the anterior margin of the prothorax tooth-like bent downwards, and the images of the aedeagus and the description of male protibiae are absent. According to the original description the male has the protibia curved at the base, and there is no mention of the tooth-like anterior margin of the prothorax. In further works, I.K. Lopatin used only the tooth-like anterior margin of the prothorax (a very rare character within the subgenus Burlinius) to distinguish this species from other representatives of the subgenus. However, he didnβt mention curved male protibia anymore. The description and images of males of C. gussakovskii are given for the first time. All males have strongly curved protibiae with the angularly widened inward distal part. This feature allows to attribute this species to the C. populi species-group. Both males and females of C. gussakovskii have tooth on the prothorax, which distinguishes them from C. populi Suffrian, 1848 and from other yellow representatives of the subgenus. Differences between C. gussakovskii and C. sagamensis Tomov, 1982 from Korea are given; the first species has the smooth, almost impunctate pronotum, the pronotal punctation of latter species is distinct and deep. Two taxa, C. pseudopopuli SchΓΆller, 2011 from South Korea and C. gussakovskii are probably conspecific. Figures of the general view and aedeagi are given for Cryptocephalus flavolimbatus, C. gussakovskii, Chaetocnema kimotoi, Neocrepidodera ohkawai and Phyllotreta rectilineata
ΠΡΠ΄ΠΏΡΠ»ΡΠ½Π° Π³ΡΡΠΏΠ° ΠΠ£Π Π² ΠΠ°ΡΡΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ (ΠΆΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ 1941 - ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ 1943)
Π£ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π²ΠΈΡΠ²ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΈΡΠΊΡ ΡΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡ
Ρ Π² ΠΠ°ΡΡΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ Π² 1941-1943 ΡΡ. Π ΠΎΠ·Π³Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠ΄ΠΏΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΈ ΠΠ£Π, ΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΠ½Ρ Π·Π°ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈ ΡΠ° Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΌΠΊΠΈ ΡΡ Π±ΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ±ΠΈ, ΠΌΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΊΡ "ΠΡΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΠΈ" Π² Π±ΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ±Ρ ΠΠ£Π, ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΠ²Π³Π΅Π½Π° Π‘ΡΠ°Ρ
ΡΠ²Π° ΡΠΊ ΠΊΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π·Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠ΄ΠΏΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΈ. Π ΡΠΉΠ½ΡΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎ Π±ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΊΠΈ ΠΠ£Π Π½Π° ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈ
Monitoring Of Air Quality Parameters For Construction Of Fire Risk Detection Systems
The analysis of fire developmental process is given, which showed that there are seven stages of fire development, a set of phenomena (factors, signs) of fire risk condition, characterized by a set of defined parameters, corresponds to each stage. Observed that the registration of high staging factors (high ambient temperature, content of CO[2], etc.) means the registration of actual low staging fire (thermal destruction of materials gases, fumes, etc.) - fire risk situation. It is shown that the decrease of registered factor staging leads to construction of fire preventive and diagnostic systems as the lower is registered stage, the more uncertain is connection between the fact of its detection and a fire. It is indicated that with development of electronic equipment the staging of fire situations factors used for detection is reducing in whole, and also it is noted that for each control object it is necessary to choose (identify) the optimal factor, in particular, in many ways the optimal factor for aircrafts are smokes and their TV image
ΠΠΠ Π‘ΠΠΠΠ’ΠΠΠ« Π ΠΠΠΠΠ’ΠΠ― Π‘ Π£Π§ΠΠ’ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ‘Π’ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ¦ΠΠΠΠΠΠ Π‘Π€ΠΠ Π«
In the article the issues of domestic innovative sphere and companiesβ interaction are considered. It is noted that the innovative sphere exists and develops independently as such in the Russian Federation.Purposes / tasks. The purposes of the article are: analysis of the reasons of innovationsβ low demand from the domestic companies; a search of counteraction measures to existing shortcomings of innovative sphere and companiesβ interaction; a research of changes of both internal, and external characteristics of the innovative environment and its approach to the EU countriesβ standards in the beginning of the 21st century.Methodology. Methods of the economic and statistical analysis. Theoretical base of the article comprise the national and foreign researchersβ works in the field of innovation management, technological management, and that of the companiesβ and economical general development.Results. Poorly positive dynamics of patents growth in comparison with a volume of R&D costs is established in this researching. Almost similar dependence between dynamics of innovative goods and services sales growth in comparison with technological innovations costs was discovered in analysis. The received total integrated estimates of dynamic level of the RF innovative economic development during the period from 1998 to 2015 proved the existence of poorly positive tendency of such dynamics growth. To coordinate companiesβ interests of development with innovative environment opportunities, the scheme of interaction among innovative organizations and the companies within a full innovative cycle is off ered.Conclusions / importance. The carried-out analysis of Russian innovative sphere shows that despite the state support measures which has been taken in recent years, it stagnates and exerts the insufficient impact on economy and society in general. Poorly positive dynamics of patents growth compared to R&D costs, and also similar dependence of innovative goods and services sales growth depending on technological innovations costs is also revealed. It is established that one of the main reasons of insufficient positive infl uence of the innovative sphere on economy is the lower level of development of the most part of the innovative sphere of the Russian Federation, compared with that of the leading EU countries, and support by other factors infl uencing its development.Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΡ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ. ΠΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° Π² Π Π€ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ.Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ/Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ. Π¦Π΅Π»ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ: Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ; ΠΏΠΎΠΈΡΠΊ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΠΌΡΡ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌ Π²ΠΎ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ; ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΡ
, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊ ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ ΠΈ Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ°ΠΌ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ ΠΠ‘ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π° Π₯Π₯I Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ°.ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°. Π’Π΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π±Π°Π·ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈ Π·Π°ΡΡΠ±Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π² ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ, ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π² ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΌ.Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ. Π Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π° ΡΠ»Π°Π±ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΠΎΡΡΠ° ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π° ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° Π·Π°ΡΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π° ΠΠΠΠΠ ; ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²ΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π΅ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΆ ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ Π² Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ Π·Π°ΡΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π Π€ Π² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ Ρ 1998 ΠΏΠΎ 2015 Π³Π³., ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π°Π±ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠ»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΡ
Π΅ΠΌΠ° Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΉ Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ Π² ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Π°.ΠΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ/Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ. ΠΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π», ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½Π°, Π½Π΅ ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ Π² ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠΈ, ΡΡΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ Π² ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π² ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΌ. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π° ΡΠ»Π°Π±ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΠΎΡΡΠ° ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π° ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° Π·Π°ΡΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π° ΠΠΠΠΠ , Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΆ ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ Π² Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ Π·Π°ΡΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ. Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ· Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ Π²Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΠ‘ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π Π€ ΠΈ Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, Π²Π»ΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅
The Assessment of the Level of Pollution of Slime Pits with Heavy Metals
In drilling and running oil and gas wells the great amount of toxic waste is formed and in the surface of the lithosphere and hydrosphere the great amount of different chemical elements and compounds access, they are needed to be isolated from the environment. The most useful way of isolation is their utilization in the slime pits on the wells territory. Heavy metals are dangerous waste in the drilling slime; they accumulate in soil and under some conditions they in form water-soluble parts and migrate in to the soil. The aim of this paper is to organize the chemical and analytical research of the amount of heavy metals in the drilling slime, and research the mechanism of their spreading on different depth and square in the slime pits typical for the oil site placed in KHANTY-Ugra
Π Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ RL-ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ°
Introduction. Measurements of the amplitude-time characteristics of pulsed magnetic fields are required in various research and technology areas. Such measurements are carried out during pulsed magnetic field immunity testing, with the magnetic field pulse rise time being hundreds of ns, and the pulse duration to its half initial value (halfdroop) being hundreds of Β΅s.Aim. To develop a meter of magnetic field strength with a linear conversion characteristic for measuring the pulse rise time, the pulse duration to its half-droop, and the peak value of the pulsed magnetic field strength.Materials and methods. Among several available methods for measuring pulsed magnetic field parameters, the induction method was selected. To obtain a signal proportional to the pulsed magnetic field strength, a signal from the induction transducer is integrated using a self-integrating induction transducer (RL integration) or by using an external RC integrator. The former method shows good results when measuring signals with a duration of hundreds of ns; however, this method is inefficient when measuring the parameters of longer-duration pulses. The latter method is used to determine the parameters of signals with a duration of hundreds of Β΅s and ms; however, this method gives a large error when measuring the parameters of signals with a duration of hundreds of ns and less. The consecutive use of the two integration methods leads to an additional error in the measurement of the pulse duration to its half-drop.Results. A setup for determining the required magnetic field pulse parameters using a pulse magnetic field meter based on an RL integrator was developed. The relative measurement errors comprised 10, 10, and 9 %, respectively. The developed setup eliminates the error caused by losses in the active resistance of an induction transducer, thus enabling the pulse duration to its half-droop to be measured without additional errors under the pulse rise time of hundreds of ns and the pulse droop time of hundreds of Β΅s.Conclusion. The development of a functional converter made it possible to extend the frequency response of a pulsed magnetic field meter based on an RL integrator to the low-frequency region.ΠΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. Π Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π°ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π°ΠΌΠΏΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎ-Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΡ
Π½Π° ΡΡΠΎΠΉΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ, ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ½ΡΠ° ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ° ΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈ Π½Π°Π½ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ½Π΄, Π° Π΄Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ° Π΄ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΏΠ°Π΄Π° β ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ½Π΄.Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ. Π Π°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ, ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°, Π΄Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ° Π΄ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΏΠ°Π΄Π° ΠΈ ΠΏΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ.ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ. ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², Π² Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠ°Π½ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄. ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π»Π°, ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ, ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π» Ρ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ (RL-ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅) ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅Π³ΠΎ RC-ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ°. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠΉ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ± ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Ρ
ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈ Π½Π°Π½ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ½Π΄, ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ Π΄Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ± ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎ- ΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ½Π΄, Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ± Π΄Π°Π΅Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈ Π½Π°Π½ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ½Π΄ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅. ΠΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π²ΡΡ
ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΊ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ° Π΄ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΏΠ°Π΄Π°.Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ. Π Π°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΎ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ RL-ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ° ΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΌΠΈ 10, 10 ΠΈ 9 % ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ. ΠΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΠΊΡ, Π²ΡΠ·Π²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΌΠΈ Π² Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ° Π΄ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΏΠ°Π΄Π° Π±Π΅Π· Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π² ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π΄Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ½ΡΠ° ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ° ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈ Π½Π°Π½ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ½Π΄, Π° Π΄Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΏΠ°Π΄Π° ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ° β ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ½Π΄.ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. Π Π°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ»Π° ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ RL-ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ° Π² ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΡ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡ
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