Internalization of Pseudomonas aeruginosaStrain PAO1 into epithelial cells is promoted by interaction of a T6SS effector with the microtubule network

Invasion of nonphagocytic cells through rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton is a common immune evasion mechanism used by most intracellular bacteria. However, some pathogens modulate host microtubules as well by a still poorly understood mechanism. In this study, we aim at deciphering the mechanisms by which the opportunistic bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa invades nonphagocytic cells, although it is considered mainly an extracellular bacterium. Using confocal microscopy and immunofluorescence, we show that the evolved VgrG2b effector of P. aeruginosa strain PAO1 is delivered into epithelial cells by a type VI secretion system, called H2-T6SS, involving the VgrG2a component. An in vivo interactome of VgrG2b in host cells allows the identification of microtubule components, including the γ-tubulin ring complex (γTuRC), a multiprotein complex catalyzing microtubule nucleation, as the major host target of VgrG2b. This interaction promotes a microtubule-dependent internalization of the bacterium since colchicine and nocodazole, two microtubule-destabilizing drugs, prevent VgrG2b-mediated P. aeruginosa entry even if the invasion still requires actin. We further validate our findings by demonstrating that the type VI injection step can be bypassed by ectopic production of VgrG2b inside target cells prior to infection. Moreover, such uncoupling between VgrG2b injection and bacterial internalization also reveals that they constitute two independent steps. With VgrG2b, we provide the first example of a bacterial protein interacting with the γTuRC. Our study offers key insight into the mechanism of self-promoting invasion of P. aeruginosa into human cells via a directed and specific effector-host protein interaction

The Cyst-Dividing Bacterium Ramlibacter tataouinensis TTB310 Genome Reveals a Well-Stocked Toolbox for Adaptation to a Desert Environment

Ramlibacter tataouinensis TTB310T (strain TTB310), a betaproteobacterium isolated from a semi-arid region of South Tunisia (Tataouine), is characterized by the presence of both spherical and rod-shaped cells in pure culture. Cell division of strain TTB310 occurs by the binary fission of spherical “cyst-like” cells (“cyst-cyst” division). The rod-shaped cells formed at the periphery of a colony (consisting mainly of cysts) are highly motile and colonize a new environment, where they form a new colony by reversion to cyst-like cells. This unique cell cycle of strain TTB310, with desiccation tolerant cyst-like cells capable of division and desiccation sensitive motile rods capable of dissemination, appears to be a novel adaptation for life in a hot and dry desert environment. In order to gain insights into strain TTB310's underlying genetic repertoire and possible mechanisms responsible for its unusual lifestyle, the genome of strain TTB310 was completely sequenced and subsequently annotated. The complete genome consists of a single circular chromosome of 4,070,194 bp with an average G+C content of 70.0%, the highest among the Betaproteobacteria sequenced to date, with total of 3,899 predicted coding sequences covering 92% of the genome. We found that strain TTB310 has developed a highly complex network of two-component systems, which may utilize responses to light and perhaps a rudimentary circadian hourglass to anticipate water availability at the dew time in the middle/end of the desert winter nights and thus direct the growth window to cyclic water availability times. Other interesting features of the strain TTB310 genome that appear to be important for desiccation tolerance, including intermediary metabolism compounds such as trehalose or polyhydroxyalkanoate, and signal transduction pathways, are presented and discussed

The Pseudomonas Aeruginosa type II secretion system, Hxc (characterization and functional study of the liposecretin HxcQ)

La bactérie Gram négative Pseudomonas aeruginosa produit un grand nombre d exoprotéines remplissant de multiples fonctions. Pour rejoindre la surface ou le milieu extracellulaire, ces exoprotéines doivent franchir successivement la membrane interne, le périplasme et la membrane externe. De multiples systèmes de sécrétion ont été mis en place par P.aeruginosa pour réaliser ces différentes étapes. Ainsi, les exoprotéines peuvent traverser l enveloppe par le système le plus approprié à leur transport. Un de ces systèmes, le système de sécrétion de type II (T2SS) est présent en deux exemplaires. Ces deux T2SS, complets et fonctionnels ont été appelés Xcp ( extracellular deficient protein ) et Hxc ( Homologue toXcp ). Si les éléments constitutifs des T2SSs sont bien identifiés, leur assemblage au sein de l enveloppe ainsi que leur mode de sécrétion sont très peu documentés. Le modèle communément admis suggère cependant l existence d une plateforme de membrane interne, d un composant demembrane externe et d un pseudopilus, qui va tel un piston, pousser les substrats au travers du pore formé par l unique composant de membrane externe, la sécrétine. Les sécrétines formentdans la membrane externe de larges pores homo-multimériques de 12 à 14 monomères.L adressage et l assemblage de telles structures nécessitent en général l implication d une petite lipoprotéine, connue sous le nom de pilotine. A ce jour, aucune protéine de ce type n est connue pour assister les multiples sécrétines répertoriées chez P. aeruginosa dans leur adressage à lamembrane externe. Ce travail de thèse à principalement porté sur le second T2SS de P.aeruginosa, le système Hxc. Nous avons en particulier démontré que la sécrétine du système Hxc,HxcQ ne dépendait d aucune pilotine pour son adressage à la membrane externe et que cette sécrétine était une lipoprotéine dont l ancre lipidique N-terminale jouait le rôle de pilotine.The Gram negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces a large number of exoproteins that have multiple functions. To reach the cell surface or the extracellular medium, an exoprotein must successively cross the inner membrane, the periplasm and the outer membrane.P. aeruginosa has developed a number of secretion systems that carry out these different steps.Thus, a specific exoprotein will cross the envelope using the most suitable secretion system. Oneof these systems, the type II secretion system (T2SS), is present in two copies on the P.aeruginosa genome. Both T2SS are complete and functional, and have been named Xcp( extracellular deficient protein ) and Hxc ( Homologue to Xcp ). While the different components that make up each T2SS have been clearly identified, their assembly in the envelopeand their mode of secretion are poorly documented. Nevertheless, the commonly acceptedworking model suggests the existence of an inner membrane platform, a component in the outer membrane, and a pseudopilus which, acting as a piston, pushes the substrate through a pore formed by the sole component of the outer membrane, the secretin. Secretins form large homomultimeric pores (12 to 14 monomers) in the outer membrane. Targeting and assembly ofsuch structures requires the involvement of a small lipoprotein known as pilotin. To date, no suchprotein is known to assist the targeting of P. aeruginosa secretins to the outer membrane. This thesis work has mainly focused on the second T2SS of P. aeruginosa, the Hxc system. One of ourmajor findings is that the outer membrane targeting of the Hxc secretin, HxcQ, does not dependon any pilotin, but that instead HxcQ is a lipoprotein with a lipid anchor that acts as a pilotin.AIX-MARSEILLE2-Bib.electronique (130559901) / SudocSudocFranceF

La voie Xcp chez pseudomonas aeruginosa (Un modèle d'étude de la voie générale de sécrétion)

AIX-MARSEILLE2-BU Sci.Luminy (130552106) / SudocSudocFranceF

La machinerie de sécrétion de type II Xcp de Pseudomonas aeruginosa (relations structure-fonction et interactome)

Les bactéries à Gram négatif sont entourées par une enveloppe cellulaire qui, contrairement aux bactéries à Gram positif, possèdent une organisation membranaire complexe composée d une membrane interne appelée généralement membrane cytoplasmique, un espace périplasmique contenant une matrice de peptidoglycane et une membrane externe asymétrique constituée d une monocouche de phospholipides surmontée d une assise de lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Afin de franchir cette barrière, les bactéries à Gram négatif ont développé différentes voies de sécrétions spécifiques dédiées à l export des protéines (effecteurs) du milieu intracellulaire vers le milieu extracellulaire. Jusqu'à présent, six systèmes de sécrétion ont été identifiés chez ces bactéries. Chez Pseudomonas aeruginosa, une bactérie pathogène opportuniste, le système de sécrétion de type II appelé aussi sécréton Xcp constitue l un des facteurs principales de sa virulence. Le sécréton Xcp est un complexe macromoléculaire formé par 12 protéines, nommées XcpAO et XcpPC-XcpZM. Ce complexe macromoléculaire est organisé en trois sous-complexes : i) une plateforme d assemblage ancrée dans la membrane interne formé par les protéines XcpRESFYLZM ii) un pore de sécrétion localisé dans la membrane externe formé par l oligomérisation d une protéine appelé la sécrétine XcpQD. Le pore de sécrétion est connecté à la plateforme de la membrane interne par une protéine appelée XcpPC iii) un pseudopilus périplasmique sous forme de fibre hélicoïdale qui est formé par la multimérisation d une protéine appelée la pseudopiline majeure XcpTG. D autres protéines appelées les pseudopilines mineures XcpUH-VI-WJ-XK intègrent le pseudopilus. La première partie du travail effectué au cours de cette thèse a eu pour but d étudier et de comprendre par des approches structurales, biochimiques et biophysiques le mécanisme d assemblage des pseudopilines en pseudopilus. La deuxième partie de ce travail a porté sur l étude des réseaux d interactions entre les substrats sécrétés et les composants de la machinerie Xcp. Durant cette thèse, nous avons ainsi i) identifier grâce à l étude des interactions protéine-protéine l existence d un complexe quaternaire entre les pseudopilines mineures XcpUH-VI-WJ-XK localisées au sommet du pseudopilus ii) déterminer les structures de la pseudopiline majeure XcpTG par RMN et de la pseudopiline mineure XcpWJ par cristallographie aux rayons X iii) déterminer les différents éléments du sécréton qui interagissent avec les exoprotéines du sécréton. Ce réseau d interaction nous a permis de proposer un modèle de fonctionnement du sécréton qui élucide le cheminement des exoprotéines dans le sécréton afin qu elles soient exportées vers le milieu extracellulaire.Gram-negative bacteria are characterized by a complex organization of their cell envelope composed by the inner membrane (IM) called cytoplasmic membrane, the periplasmic space containing a peptidoglycan layer and the outer membrane (OM) covered by the lipopolysaccharide matrix. Gram-negative bacteria have evolved several specialized machines called secretion systems to export their effectors from the intracellular medium to the extracellular milieu or to the host cells. Up to now, at least six secretion systems have been identified. In the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the type II secretion system called the Xcp secreton is the major pathway for the release of virulence factors. The Xcp secreton is a macromolecular complex composed by 12 proteins called XcpAO, XcpPC-XcpZM. This machinery is organized in 3 sub-complexes: i) the assembly platform localized in the IM implicating XcpRESFYLZM proteins ii) the OM pore composed by the oligomerization of the secretin XcpQD. The connection between the assembly platform and the secretin is performed by XcpPC anchored in the IM iii) a periplasmic pseudopilus consisting of the multimerization of the so-called major pseudopilin XcpTG. The pseudopilus is a helicoidally filament spanning the periplasmic area and pushing the substrate into the secretin pore. Four other proteins, the minor pseudopilins XcpUH-VI-WJ-XK, were found in the pseudopilus. In the present work we first focused on the study of the pseudopilus components by biochemical, biophysical and structural strategies to understand their assembly. Secondly, we investigate the protein interactome between periplasmic secreton component and secreted substrates. Thus, we revealed the presence of a quaternary complex composed by XcpUH-VI-WJ-XK located at the tip of the pseudopilus. To understand at atomic scale the regulation of the pseudopilus, we determined the structure of two components of the pseudopilus XcpTG by NMR and XcpWJ by X-ray crystallography. Using systematic protein-protein interaction studies between secreton components and purified exoproteins of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, we identified 5 proteins of the secreton able to interact with exoproteins. This interaction network allowed us to propose a model for the secretion process including the sequential steps followed by exoproteins inside the secreton to leave the cell envelop.AIX-MARSEILLE1-Bib.electronique (130559902) / SudocSudocFranceF

Structural lessons on bacterial secretins

International audienceTo exchange and communicate with their surroundings, bacteria have evolved multiple active and passive mechanisms for trans-envelope transport. Among the pore-forming complexes found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, secretins are distinctive homo-oligomeric channels dedicated to the active translocation of voluminous structures such as folded proteins, assembled fibers, virus particles or DNA. Members of the bacterial secretin family share a common cylinder-shaped structure with a gated pore-forming part inserted in the outer membrane, and a periplasmic channel connected to the inner membrane components of the corresponding nanomachine. In this mini-review, we will present what recently determined 3D structures have told us about the mechanisms of translocation through secretins of large substrates to the bacterial surface or in the extracellular milieu

On the path to uncover the bacterial type II secretion system.

International audienceGram-negative bacteria have evolved several secretory pathways to release enzymes or toxins into the surrounding environment or into the target cells. The type II secretion system (T2SS) is conserved in Gram-negative bacteria and involves a set of 12 to 16 different proteins. Components of the T2SS are located in both the inner and outer membranes where they assemble into a supramolecular complex spanning the bacterial envelope, also called the secreton. The T2SS substrates transiently go through the periplasm before they are translocated across the outer membrane and exposed to the extracellular milieu. The T2SS is unique in its ability to promote secretion of large and sometimes multimeric proteins that are folded in the periplasm. The present review describes recently identified protein-protein interactions together with structural and functional advances in the field that have contributed to improve our understanding on how the type II secretion apparatus assembles and on the role played by individual proteins of this highly sophisticated system

Gene transfer: transformation/electroporation.

International audienceSince Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a non-naturally competent bacterium, various methods have been developed to transfer exogenous DNA. Alternatively to transduction and conjugation, electroporation can also be used to transfer exogenous DNA molecules into Pseudomonas. Electroporation uses an electric field which generates pores in bacterial membranes allowing the entry of the exogenous DNA molecule. In contrast to conjugation which is restricted to the transfer of DNA from one bacterial cell to another, electroporation can be used to transfer all types of DNA resuspended in water

The target cell genus does not matter.

International audienceTwo type VI secreted phospholipases D of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were identified as trans-kingdom virulence effectors, targeting both prokaryotic and eukaryotic host cells. Each of them triggers killing bacterial competitors and internalization into non-phagocytic cells. These type VI lipolytic enzymes are widely distributed among pathogens and may constitute a conserved strategy

Pyoverdine-Mediated Iron Uptake in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: the Tat System Is Required for PvdN but Not for FpvA Transport

Under iron-limiting conditions, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 secretes a fluorescent siderophore called pyoverdine (Pvd). After chelating iron, this ferric siderophore is transported back into the cells via the outer membrane receptor FpvA. The Pvd-dependent iron uptake pathway requires several essential genes involved in both the synthesis of Pvd and the uptake of ferric Pvd inside the cell. A previous study describing the global phenotype of a tat-deficient P. aeruginosa strain showed that the defect in Pvd-mediated iron uptake was due to the Tat-dependent export of proteins involved in Pvd biogenesis and ferric Pvd uptake (U. Ochsner, A. Snyder, A. I. Vasil, and M. L. Vasil, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99:8312-8317, 2002). Using biochemical and biophysical tools, we showed that despite its predicted Tat signal sequence, FpvA is correctly located in the outer membrane of a tat mutant and is fully functional for all steps of the iron uptake process (ferric Pvd uptake and recycling of Pvd on FpvA after iron release). However, in the tat mutant, no Pvd was produced. This suggested that a key element in the Pvd biogenesis pathway must be exported to the periplasm by the Tat pathway. We located PvdN, a still unknown but essential component in Pvd biogenesis, at the periplasmic side of the cytoplasmic membrane and showed that its export is Tat dependent. Our results further support the idea that a critical step of the Pvd biogenesis pathway involving PvdN occurs at the periplasmic side of the cytoplasmic membrane