Efectos de las alternativas para alcanzar un acuerdo sobre el desarrollo de soluciones integradoras a los problemas. Los efectos colaterales debilitadores de las BATNAs

Las BATNAs (Best alternative to a negotiation agreement) o alternativas mejores para un acuerdo de negociación juegan, se afirma, un papel importante en la negociación. Las muchas alternativas se asocian con un mayorpoder y resultados en contextos de negociación distributiva. Una negociación distributiva es aquella en la que un negociador gana y el otro pierde. En este artículo planteamos que las alternativas mutuas, frente a los procesos asimétricos o sin alternativa, inhiben procesos que conducen a beneficios conjuntos. Una simulación de negociación indica en parte que esta hipótesis tiene fundamento. Las negociaciones diádicas de mutuas alternativas tienden a bloquearse más que las que tienen condiciones asimétricas o sin alternativa alguna. Por ello los beneficios de los negociadores en este tipo de situaciones se atenúan. Cuando se trata de observar los beneficios alcanzados, hay una relación negativa entre la existencia de una BATNA y la satisfacción con el resultado de la negociación. Las díadas de negociación con alternativas asimétricas muestran mayor nivel de beneficios y menos bloqueos. Este mayor poder negociador de estas condiciones se debe en parte a la mayor voluntad de acuerdo que se da en situaciones asimétricas y el menor poder de negociación que esas situaciones presentan. De todos modos una porción significativa de la relación entre alternativas y obtención de beneficios conjuntos queda sin explicación entre las variables de comunicación que se manejan en este estudio.Best alternatives for a negotiation agreement (BATNAs) have been hypothesized to play an important role in bargaining. Greater alternatives are associated with increased power and outcomes in distributive bargaining contexts. We hypothesized that mutual alternatives relative to asymmetric or no alternatives will inhibit processes that lead to the achievement of high joint benefits. The results of a bargaining simulation indicate partial support for the hypothesis. Bargaining dyads having mutual alternatives tended to deadlock more than those in asymmetric or no alternative conditions. As a result, the joint benefits of bargainers possessing mutual alternatives were attenuated. When controlling for joint benefits, there was a negative relationship between having a BATNA and satisfaction with the bargaining outcomes. Bargaining dyads having asymmetric alternatives experienced no deadlocks and the highest level of joint benefits. This bargaining advantage appeared due in part to the higher willingness to agree associated with the low power bargainer in the asymmetric condition.. However, a significant portion of the relationship between alternatives and joint benefits is left unaccounted for by any of the communication variables measured in this study

Efectos de las alternativas para alcanzar un acuerdo sobre el desarrollo de soluciones integradoras a los problemas. Los efectos colaterales debilitadores de las BATNAs

Best alternatives for a negotiation agreement (BATNAs) have been hypothesized to play an important role in bargaining. Greater alternatives are associated with increased power and outcomes in distributive bargaining contexts. We hypothesized that mutual alternatives relative to asymmetric or no alternatives will inhibit processes that lead to the achievement of high joint benefits. The results of a bargaining simulation indicate partial support for the hypothesis. Bargaining dyads having mutual alternatives tended to deadlock more than those in asymmetric or no alternative conditions. As a result, the joint benefits of bargainers possessing mutual alternatives were attenuated. When controlling for joint benefits, there was a negative relationship between having a BATNA and satisfaction with the bargaining outcomes. Bargaining dyads having asymmetric alternatives experienced no deadlocks and the highest level of joint benefits. This bargaining advantage appeared due in part to the higher willingness to agree associated with the low power bargainer in the asymmetric condition.. However, a significant portion of the relationship between alternatives and joint benefits is left unaccounted for by any of the communication variables measured in this study

Transplantation of canine olfactory ensheathing cells producing chondroitinase ABC promotes chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan digestion and axonal sprouting following spinal cord injury

Olfactory ensheathing cell (OEC) transplantation is a promising strategy for treating spinal cord injury (SCI), as has been demonstrated in experimental SCI models and naturally occurring SCI in dogs. However, the presence of chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans within the extracellular matrix of the glial scar can inhibit efficient axonal repair and limit the therapeutic potential of OECs. Here we have used lentiviral vectors to genetically modify canine OECs to continuously deliver mammalian chondroitinase ABC at the lesion site in order to degrade the inhibitory chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans in a rodent model of spinal cord injury. We demonstrate that these chondroitinase producing canine OECs survived at 4 weeks following transplantation into the spinal cord lesion and effectively digested chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans at the site of injury. There was evidence of sprouting within the corticospinal tract rostral to the lesion and an increase in the number of corticospinal axons caudal to the lesion, suggestive of axonal regeneration. Our results indicate that delivery of the chondroitinase enzyme can be achieved with the genetically modified OECs to increase axon growth following SCI. The combination of these two promising approaches is a potential strategy for promoting neural regeneration following SCI in veterinary practice and human patients

Genomic Prevalence of Heterochromatic H3K9me2 and Transcription Do Not Discriminate Pluripotent from Terminally Differentiated Cells

Cellular differentiation entails reprogramming of the transcriptome from a pluripotent to a unipotent fate. This process was suggested to coincide with a global increase of repressive heterochromatin, which results in a reduction of transcriptional plasticity and potential. Here we report the dynamics of the transcriptome and an abundant heterochromatic histone modification, dimethylation of histone H3 at lysine 9 (H3K9me2), during neuronal differentiation of embryonic stem cells. In contrast to the prevailing model, we find H3K9me2 to occupy over 50% of chromosomal regions already in stem cells. Marked are most genomic regions that are devoid of transcription and a subgroup of histone modifications. Importantly, no global increase occurs during differentiation, but discrete local changes of H3K9me2 particularly at genic regions can be detected. Mirroring the cell fate change, many genes show altered expression upon differentiation. Quantitative sequencing of transcripts demonstrates however that the total number of active genes is equal between stem cells and several tested differentiated cell types. Together, these findings reveal high prevalence of a heterochromatic mark in stem cells and challenge the model of low abundance of epigenetic repression and resulting global basal level transcription in stem cells. This suggests that cellular differentiation entails local rather than global changes in epigenetic repression and transcriptional activity

Report of the Topical Group on Electroweak Precision Physics and Constraining New Physics for Snowmass 2021

The precise measurement of physics observables and the test of their consistency within the standard model (SM) are an invaluable approach, complemented by direct searches for new particles, to determine the existence of physics beyond the standard model (BSM). Studies of massive electroweak gauge bosons (W and Z bosons) are a promising target for indirect BSM searches, since the interactions of photons and gluons are strongly constrained by the unbroken gauge symmetries. They can be divided into two categories: (a) Fermion scattering processes mediated by s- or t-channel W/Z bosons, also known as electroweak precision measurements; and (b) multi-boson processes, which include production of two or more vector bosons in fermion-antifermion annihilation, as well as vector boson scattering (VBS) processes. The latter categories can test modifications of gauge-boson self-interactions, and the sensitivity is typically improved with increased collision energy. This report evaluates the achievable precision of a range of future experiments, which depend on the statistics of the collected data sample, the experimental and theoretical systematic uncertainties, and their correlations. In addition it presents a combined interpretation of these results, together with similar studies in the Higgs and top sector, in the Standard Model effective field theory (SMEFT) framework. This framework provides a model-independent prescription to put generic constraints on new physics and to study and combine large sets of experimental observables, assuming that the new physics scales are significantly higher than the EW scale.Comment: 55 pages; Report of the EF04 topical group for Snowmass 202