Inexpensive automatic ranging for digital voltmeters and frequency counters

Seven integrated circuits incorporated at very low cost into frequency counters and digital voltmeters performing a voltage-to-frequency conversion permit automatic range changing. Extra decades are switched into and out of the counting chain as a function of the counter during the previous counting period

Monitoring ocean dumping with ERTS-1 data

The results of an analysis of ERTS-1 data for the New York Bight collected on 16 August 1972 are described. Results are presented which show acid-iron wastes, sewage sludge, suspended solids, and major water mass boundary features in the study area. The potential of satellite remote sensing for monitoring large scale events such as ocean dumping is discussed

Demodulator for carrier transducers

A carrier type transducer is supplied with a carrier wave via an audio amplifier, a filter, a frequency divider, and an oscillator. The carrier is modulated in accordance with the parameter being measured by the transducer and is fed to the input of a digital data system which may include a voltmeter. The output of the oscillator and the output of each stage of the divider are fed to an AND or a NAND gate and suitable variable and fixed delay circuits to the command input of the digital data system. With this arrangement, the digital data system is commanded to sample at the proper time so that the average voltage of the modulated carrier is measured. It may be utilized with ancillary circuitry for control of the paramete

Electronic skewing circuit monitors exact position of object underwater

Linear Variable Differential Transformer /LVDT/ electronic skewing circuit guides a long cylindrical capsule underwater into a larger tube so that it does not contact the tube wall. This device detects movement of the capsule from a reference point and provides a continuous signal that is monitored on an oscilloscope

Deflection circuit monitors force on object under water

Capsule containing samples for radiation testing is guided under through a seal to an exact position within a nuclear reactor. A Linear Variable Differential Transformer /LVDT/ flexplate deflection circuit monitors the force on the capsule as it is positioned within the reactor

Abbau des Sozialstaats: Einstellungen der Bundesbürger zu Kürzungen von Sozialleistungen in den neunziger Jahren

Kürzungen von Sozialleistungen stehen in den neunziger Jahren erneut auf der Agenda des bundesrepublikanischen Sozialstaats. Ihre Durchsetzbarkeit ist auch von der Akzeptanz durch die Bürger abhängig. Empirische Analysen auf der Grundlage repräsentativer Bevölkerungsumfragen kommen zu dem Ergebnis, daß Sozialleistungskürzungen allgemein nur von einer kleinen Minderheit der Bundesbürger unterstützt werden. Bei einzelnen Sozialleistungen, von denen nur kleine Bevölkerungsgruppen profitieren, ist die Zustimmung dagegen höher. Insgesamt ist in Ostdeutschland die Akzeptanz von Sozialleistungskürzungen deutlich geringer ausgeprägt als in Westdeutschland. Anstelle von Sozialleistungskürzungen unterstützen west- und ostdeutsche Bürger eher Kürzungen in nicht-sozialpolitischen Aufgabenbereichen wie der Verteidigung, der öffentlichen Verwaltung und der Europäischen Gemeinschaft.In the nineties cuts in social spending are once again an issue at the top of the agenda of the German welfare state. Citizens' support for social spending cuts is a central factor influencing the feasability of spending cuts policy. Based on representative surveys, empirical analyses show that only a small minority of German citizens favour cuts in social spending in general. However, more citizens favour cuts in specific social policy programs, mainly those programs from which only minorities profit. East Germans show clearly lower support for cuts in social spending than West Germans. For both, though, instead of cuts in social spending, there is widespread support for spending cuts in other policy areas such as military defence, public administration and the European Community