NEOTROPICAL XENARTHRANS: a data set of occurrence of xenarthran species in the Neotropics

Xenarthrans – anteaters, sloths, and armadillos – have essential functions for ecosystem maintenance, such as insect control and nutrient cycling, playing key roles as ecosystem engineers. Because of habitat loss and fragmentation, hunting pressure, and conflicts with 24 domestic dogs, these species have been threatened locally, regionally, or even across their full distribution ranges. The Neotropics harbor 21 species of armadillos, ten anteaters, and six sloths. Our dataset includes the families Chlamyphoridae (13), Dasypodidae (7), Myrmecophagidae (3), Bradypodidae (4), and Megalonychidae (2). We have no occurrence data on Dasypus pilosus (Dasypodidae). Regarding Cyclopedidae, until recently, only one species was recognized, but new genetic studies have revealed that the group is represented by seven species. In this data-paper, we compiled a total of 42,528 records of 31 species, represented by occurrence and quantitative data, totaling 24,847 unique georeferenced records. The geographic range is from the south of the USA, Mexico, and Caribbean countries at the northern portion of the Neotropics, to its austral distribution in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. Regarding anteaters, Myrmecophaga tridactyla has the most records (n=5,941), and Cyclopes sp. has the fewest (n=240). The armadillo species with the most data is Dasypus novemcinctus (n=11,588), and the least recorded for Calyptophractus retusus (n=33). With regards to sloth species, Bradypus variegatus has the most records (n=962), and Bradypus pygmaeus has the fewest (n=12). Our main objective with Neotropical Xenarthrans is to make occurrence and quantitative data available to facilitate more ecological research, particularly if we integrate the xenarthran data with other datasets of Neotropical Series which will become available very soon (i.e. Neotropical Carnivores, Neotropical Invasive Mammals, and Neotropical Hunters and Dogs). Therefore, studies on trophic cascades, hunting pressure, habitat loss, fragmentation effects, species invasion, and climate change effects will be possible with the Neotropical Xenarthrans dataset

Integrated global assessment of the natural forest carbon potential

Forests are a substantial terrestrial carbon sink, but anthropogenic changes in land use and climate have considerably reduced the scale of this system1. Remote-sensing estimates to quantify carbon losses from global forests2,3,4,5 are characterized by considerable uncertainty and we lack a comprehensive ground-sourced evaluation to benchmark these estimates. Here we combine several ground-sourced6 and satellite-derived approaches2,7,8 to evaluate the scale of the global forest carbon potential outside agricultural and urban lands. Despite regional variation, the predictions demonstrated remarkable consistency at a global scale, with only a 12% difference between the ground-sourced and satellite-derived estimates. At present, global forest carbon storage is markedly under the natural potential, with a total deficit of 226 Gt (model range = 151–363 Gt) in areas with low human footprint. Most (61%, 139 Gt C) of this potential is in areas with existing forests, in which ecosystem protection can allow forests to recover to maturity. The remaining 39% (87 Gt C) of potential lies in regions in which forests have been removed or fragmented. Although forests cannot be a substitute for emissions reductions, our results support the idea2,3,9 that the conservation, restoration and sustainable management of diverse forests offer valuable contributions to meeting global climate and biodiversity targets

Ação de fungicidas sobre dois cultivares de feijoeiro em Capão Bonito, SP Fungicides action on two bean cultivars in Capão Bonito, São Paulo State, Brazil

Avaliou-se, no controle de doenças do feijoeiro, cvs. Carioca e Carioca 80, a eficiência de onze fungicidas, aplicados na parte aérea, isoladamente, em condições naturais de infecção. Os ensaios foram efetuados em condições de campo nas safras da seca e das águas de 1985 e 1986, na Estação Experimental de Capão Bonito, pertencentes ao IAC. Foram utilizados os seguintes tratamentos fungicidas: benomil, tiofanato metílico, captafol, clorotalonil, acetato de trifenil estanho, carbendazim, tiabendazol, oxicloreto de cobre, sulfato de cobre e hidróxido de trifenil estanho. Na safra da seca/85, pulverizações com captafol, clorotalonil, acetato de trifenil estanho e carbendazim proporcionaram as melhores produções do 'Carioca', e os fungicidas mancozebe, clorotalonil, acetato de trifenil estanho, oxicloreto de cobre e sulfato de cobre, as melhores produções do 'Carioca 80'. Nas safras das águas/85 e da seca/86, os produtos testados não influíram estatisticamente na produção dos dois cultivares. Na safra das águas/86, os melhores tratamentos para o 'Carioca' foram acetato de trifenil estanho e hidróxido de trifenil estanho e, para o 'Carioca 80', apenas o hidróxido de trifenil estanho. A antracnose foi detectada apenas no 'Carioca', nas safras da seca/85 e das águas/86. Na seca/85, todos os fungicidas controlaram a doença nas folhas, sendo o clorotalonil e o acetato de trifenil estanho os melhores para vagens. Nas águas/86, tanto em folhas como em vagens, os melhores tratamentos foram mancozebe, captafol, clorotalonil, acetato de trifenil estanho e hidróxido de trifenil estanho. Para a ferrugem, que não foi uma doença muito importante, ocorrendo apenas em duas safras, seca/86 e águas/86, com baixa incidência, o fungicida que mostrou algum controle foi o clorotalonil. Para o controle da mancha-angular, a doença de maior freqüência e severidade, e da mancha de Alternaria e bacteriose, que, com menor severidade, também ocorreram de forma generalizada em todas as safras, os tratamentos mais eficientes foram mancozebe, clorotalonil, acetato de trifenil estanho e hidróxido de trifenil estanho.<br>Eleven fungicides were sprayed on field crops of two beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L), cvs. Carioca and Carioca 80, to evaluate their effect on yield performance and disease control under natural conditions of infection. The trials were carried out during four periods: fall of 1985 and 1986 and spring of 1985 and 1986. The tested fungicides were: benomyl, mancozeb, methil thiophanate, captafol, chlorothalonil, triphenyltin acetate, carbendazim, thiabendazole, copper oxychloride, copper sulfate and triphenyltin hidroxide. During the fall of 1985 the fungicides captafol, chlorothalonil, triphenyltin acetate and carbendazim resulted in high yield for the cv. Carioca; while for the cv. Carioca 80, mancozeb, chlorothalonil, triphenyltin acetate, copper oxychloride and copper sulfate were more efficient. During the spring of 1985 and fall of 1986, the fungicides did not give a significant increase on yield. During the spring of 1986, the best fungicides for the 'Carioca' were triphenyltin acetate and triphenyltin hidroxide, and for the 'Carioca 80', the triphenyltin hidroxide was the best fungicide. The rust was not a very important disease. It occurred only in two periods: fall and spring of 1986 and the higher medium note was 2 (as 25% of the foliar area was affected). The best fungicide for the control of this disease was chlorothalonil. The leaf spot caused by Phaeoisarlopsis griseola was the most frequent and severe disease. The leaf spot caused by Alternaria occurred in all periods. The leaf spot caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli also occurred on a generalized form, but, it did not affect the pods of the tested cultivars. These three diseases were better controled by mancozeb, chlorothalonil, triphenyltin acetate and triphenyltin hidroxide