Growth and Fatty Acid Composition of Marine Microalga Nannochloropsis SP in Medium Enriched with Magnesium

Micro-algae are to be an attractive way to produce bio-diesel due to high photosynthetic yields and lipid accumulation in cells. This high productivity combined with possibility to uptake CO2 stimulated its utilization as a biological mitigation method of CO2, at once as an alternative renewable source of energy. Growth characteristics and chemical composition of micro-algae can be altered by culture environment. Nutrient sufficiency,included magnesium element (Mg2+) is important factors on overall biochemical composition. In study, Nannochloropsis sp was cultivated in Erlenmeyer 250 ml containing 200 ml f/2 medium. There are three groups of treatment with different levelof magnesium (Mg2+), i.e. 0 (M0); 0.1mgL-1 (M1); and 1.0 mgL-1 (M2). All treatment was designed triplicate in batch system. Culture was then aerated continuously with sterile atmospheric air (1.5 L.min-1). Cells were harvested on 25th day after inoculation and analyzed. Data showed that Chlorophyll-a increased linearly with time and maximum at 18th days of growth period, i.e. 23.57; 26.44; and 27.74mgL-1, for M0; M1; and M2,respectively. Chlorophyll-a content decreased significantly when pH dropped to 5-6.Enrichment with Mg2+ increased the chlorophyll-a content 12.2-17.7%. Dry cell reached 375-400mgL-1 in all treatment. Lipid content of Nannochloropsis sp in control (M0) is 55.3%, higher than M1 and M2. Saturated fatty acid tends to increase from 80.70 (M0)to 96.70 (M1) and 94.53% (M2). Fatty acid of M0 and M1 was composed dominantly by palmitic acid (C16:0), i.e. 49.19-70.75% total fatty acids. Meanwhile, M2 treatment was dominantly by lauric acid (C12:0), i.e. 32.98%

Zona Wisata Kawasan Wisata Alam Air Terjun Madakaripura, Kabupaten Probolinggo

Kabupaten Probolinggo memiliki keindahan wisata alam salah satunya berupa wisata air terjun. Wisata Alam Air Terjun Madakaripura termasuk dalam kawasan hutan lindung dan rawan bencana longsor sehingga pengembangannya membutuhkan pembagian zona wisata yang sesuai dengan karakteristik fisik kawasan wisata alam. Penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan zona wisata kawasan wisata alam Air Terjun Madakaripura, Kabupaten Probolinggo. Metode analisa yang digunakan dalam tahapannya adalah analisa Theoritical Deskriptif Kualitatif, teknik analisa Delphi dan analisa teknik Overlay. Hasil penelitian ini berupa zona wisata pada kawasan wisata alam Air Terjun Madakaripura, Kabupaten Probolinggo dengan melihat pada kondisi eksisting serta faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pengembangan kawasan wisata

CPSP-tools – Exact and complete algorithms for high-throughput 3D lattice protein studies-1

Ubic (FCC) lattice model. The coloring shows H-monomers in green and P-monomers in grey.<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "CPSP-tools – Exact and complete algorithms for high-throughput 3D lattice protein studies"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2105/9/230</p><p>BMC Bioinformatics 2008;9():230-230.</p><p>Published online 7 May 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2396640.</p><p></p

Selection against tandem splice sites affecting structured protein regions-2

location in ordered or disordered regions. Each bar is the percentage of introns having a plausible (blue) or implausible (green) NAGNAG acceptor. Absolute intron numbers are given above the bars.<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Selection against tandem splice sites affecting structured protein regions"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/8/89</p><p>BMC Evolutionary Biology 2008;8():89-89.</p><p>Published online 21 Mar 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2279118.</p><p></p

Comparison of specificity and sensitivity.

<p>We compare the sensitivity and specificity of each SH2 domain, achieved by using three different datasets (original imbalanced dataset, balanced dataset with randomly chosen negative data and balanced dataset with good negative data derived by self training process).</p>*<p>The average is computed over all domains except domains indicated with †. The table indicates the datasets generated by the self training strategy perform better.</p

Selection against tandem splice sites affecting structured protein regions-3

Dered regions.<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Selection against tandem splice sites affecting structured protein regions"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/8/89</p><p>BMC Evolutionary Biology 2008;8():89-89.</p><p>Published online 21 Mar 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2279118.</p><p></p

Comparison of the relative SMALI scores with two different microarray experiments.

<p>(a,b) Barplots of relative SMALI score with microarray experiments. It separates the K (apparent equilibrium disassociation constant) into five parts, i.e 1–499, 500–999, 1000–1499, 1500–1999 and > = 2000 (unit is in nm). Among them K values less than 2000 nm were considered as positive interactions and considered as negative interactions otherwise. (a) Barplot of relative SMALI score with dataset II and (b) Barplot of relative SMALI score with dataset III. In both cases it is clearly observed that there is no correlation between the relative SMALI score with the K values.</p

Binding and non-binding energy comparison with different microarray data.

<p>(a) Plots for the binding and non-binding energies derived from dataset II, indicates there are clear difference between the binding (red dots) and non-binding interactions (green boxes).(b) With the data derived from dataset III, surprisingly we observed that there is no clear differences between the binding (red dots) and non-binding (green boxes) interactions. The Energy calculation program was kindly provided by Zeba Wunderlich <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0062732#pone.0062732-Wunderlich1" target="_blank">[31]</a>.</p

Performance evaluation on manually curated database, PhosphoELM.

<p>(a,b) Performance of SMALI and our program on the experimentally validated data. In both (a and b) case the brown bars indicate the actual experimentally validated interactions for individual SH2 domains where the red and green bars indicate the predicted interactions by SVM models and SMALI respectively. (a) Showing those SH2 domains having at least 10 interactions in PhosphoELM 9.0 and (b) Showing the SH2 domains having less than 10 interactions in PhosphoELM 9.0 database.</p

Selection against tandem splice sites affecting structured protein regions-4

Isk (RR) indicating how much more likely the creation of an implausible NAGNAG is compared to the creation of a plausible NAGNAG is given above the columns. P-values of the CMH test are indicated as ***: P < 0.0001, **: P < 0.001, *: P < 0.01.<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Selection against tandem splice sites affecting structured protein regions"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/8/89</p><p>BMC Evolutionary Biology 2008;8():89-89.</p><p>Published online 21 Mar 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2279118.</p><p></p