Der Rektor aus der Judenschule: Jakob Israel (1621-1674) an der Universität zu Heidelberg

Juden ist der Zugang zu deutschen Universitäten in der Frühen Neuzeit lange verwehrt geblieben. Erst ab 1675 wurden sie an einzelnen Hochschulen zum Studium zugelassen. Die Berufung jüdischer Wissenschaftler auf Professuren stand erst in der Zeit des Ringens um die Gleichberechtigung der Juden im 19. Jahrhundert zur Diskussion. Ein singulärer Sonderfall wird in dem Mediziner Jakob Israel gesehen, der 1652 an der Universität Heidelberg auf eine Professur berufen wurde. Israel wohnte in der Heidelberger Judengasse in der Judenschule. In seiner Eigenschaft als Stadtphysikus setzte er ein Verbot der Schweinehaltung durch. Dennoch wurde er offenbar weder in der Stadt noch an der Universität als Jude angefeindet oder gar ausgegrenzt. Als einzigartiges Beispiel frühneuzeitlicher Akzeptanz und Integration eines jüdischen Gelehrten ist Jakob Israel in der Erinnerung der Stadt Heidelberg und ihrer Universität bis heute präsent. Dieser Beitrag bemüht sich um eine klärende Einordnung des Falles

The Environmental Kuznets Curve in Consideration of Learning by Doing in Abatement

Beginning from the 1990s the relationship between pollution and income (PIR) moved to the focus of research. Various studies have found that the PIR of several pollutants takes the shape of an inverted U. This coherence became known as the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC). However, later studies expressed criticism on the existence of the EKC and blurred the picture. For example, more diversified evidence suggests that the EKC is valid only for short living, local pollutants, whereas long living global pollutants face a monotonically rising PIR. These facts should be considered in the theoretical research on the EKC. One can summarise the considered theoretical explanations in five groups: Behavioural changes and preferences, institutional changes, technological progress, structural change and reallocation of polluting industries. This thesis focuses on technology progress as explanation for the EKC. Particularly, I investigate how technological progress in abatement affects the EKC. To do so, I discuss two ways how the EKC arises from learning by doing in abatement. First following the work of Brock and Taylor (2003), I present how learning by doing causes constant returns to abatement on aggregate level. Furthermore, I assume that abatement is active only of the marginal disutility of pollution exceeds the marginal utility of consumption. As long as consumption is higher rated, capital is entirely spent on consumption, otherwise abatement is active such that pollution decreases while income still grows. This model results in the EKC. The second approach based on Egli and Steger (2007) is a generalisation of the first model. Learning by doing in abatement is modelled through increasing returns to scale in abatement. Here, the EKC arises without any further assumptions regarding abatement as in the first approach. Although the concept of learning by doing in abatement suggests that environmental policy does not influence the existence of the EKC, it is shown that regulation does affect its magnitude. Therefore, the EKC is no adequate symbol against environmental policy. Both models are analysed with respect to the turning point of the EKC finding that most determinants have the same impacts. Both models provide under small adjustments potential explanations for an N-shaped PIR, a frequently found variation of the EKC. It is shown that both models are compatible with most empirical regularities on economic growth and the environment other to the EKC. Finally, criticism on the IRS model regarding potential negative pollution can be rejected if the learning by doing is assumed to lead to fading IRS in abatement

Single-cell transcriptomic atlas-guided development of CAR-T cells for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia

A single-cell screening approach identifies targets for CAR-T cells in acute myeloid leukemia. Chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T cells) have emerged as a powerful treatment option for individuals with B cell malignancies but have yet to achieve success in treating acute myeloid leukemia (AML) due to a lack of safe targets. Here we leveraged an atlas of publicly available RNA-sequencing data of over 500,000 single cells from 15 individuals with AML and tissue from 9 healthy individuals for prediction of target antigens that are expressed on malignant cells but lacking on healthy cells, including T cells. Aided by this high-resolution, single-cell expression approach, we computationally identify colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor and cluster of differentiation 86 as targets for CAR-T cell therapy in AML. Functional validation of these established CAR-T cells shows robust in vitro and in vivo efficacy in cell line- and human-derived AML models with minimal off-target toxicity toward relevant healthy human tissues. This provides a strong rationale for further clinical development

Aging, the great moderation and business-cycle volatility in a life-cycle model

According to empirical studies, the life cycle of labor supply volatility exhibits a U-shaped pattern. This may lead to the conclusion that demographic change induces a drop in output volatility. We present an overlapping-generations model that replicates the empirically observed pattern and study the impact of demographic transition on output volatility. We find that the change in age composition itself has only a marginal influence on output volatility, as the mitigating effect of more individuals with lower labor supply volatilities is compensated for by higher age-specific labor shares. Instead, the driving force behind the Great Moderation in our model is the downward shift of the age-specific labor supply volatility curve.</jats:p

Rektoren fra Jødeskolen: Jakob Israel (1621 – 1674) ved Universitetet i Heidelberg

Juden ist der Zugang zu deutschen Universitäten in der Frühen Neuzeit lange verwehrt geblieben. Erst ab 1675 wurden sie an einzelnen Hochschulen zum Studium zugelassen. Die Berufung jüdischer Wissenschaftler auf Professuren stand erst in der Zeit des Ringens um die Gleichberechtigung der Juden im 19. Jahrhundert zur Diskussion. Ein singulärer Sonderfall wird in dem Mediziner Jakob Israel gesehen, der 1652 an der Universität Heidelberg auf eine Professur berufen wurde. Israel wohnte in der Heidelberger Judengasse in der Judenschule. In seiner Eigenschaft als Stadtphysikus setzte er ein Verbot der Schweinehaltung durch. Dennoch wurde er offenbar weder in der Stadt noch an der Universität als Jude angefeindet oder gar ausgegrenzt. Als einzigartiges Beispiel frühneuzeitlicher Akzeptanz und Integration eines jüdischen Gelehrten ist Jakob Israel in der Erinnerung der Stadt Heidelberg und ihrer Universität bis heute präsent. Dieser Beitrag bemüht sich um eine klärende Einordnung des Falles.Jøder ble nektet adgang til tyske universiteter i lang tid i den tidlige moderne perioden. Først fra 1675 ble de tatt opp til studier ved enkeltuniversiteter. Utnevnelsen av jødiske vitenskapsmenn til professorater kom først opp til diskusjon under kampen for like rettigheter for jøder på 1800-tallet. Et enestående tilfelle er legen Jakob Israel, som ble utnevnt til et professorat ved Universitetet i Heidelberg i 1652. Israel bodde i "Judenschule" i Heidelbergs jødiske bakgård. I egenskap av bylege presset han gjennom et forbud mot svinehold. Likevel ble han verken i byen eller på universitetet angrepet eller marginalisert som jøde. Som et forbløffende eksempel på tidlig moderne aksept og integrering av en jødisk lærd, er Jakob Israel fortsatt til stede i minnet om byen Heidelberg og dens universitet. Denne artikkelen prøver å klargjøre klassifiseringen av saken