Aid and Universal Primary Education

Universal Primary Education (UPE) is one of the main objectives of development aid. However, very little empirical evidence of its effectiveness actually exists. Until very recently, the quality of available data was not sufficient to obtain robust results regarding the relationship between international aid and educational achievements. In this article, the latest, more disaggregated and more reliable data is used to study the relationship between aid to education and educational achievements. The focus here not only on educational variables in term of coverage, but also in term of equity and process. The year of Fast Track Initiative (FTI) endorsement is used as an original instrument to tackle the endogeneity problem of aid. Our results are very robust and indicate that aid to primary education has a strong effect on primary school enrollment and gender parity. A negative impact on repetitions rate is also indicated while no effect on the pupil teacher ratio can be observed. Diminishing return in the effectiveness of aid to primary education may also be highlighted. Finally, the governance variables do not appear to have an impact on this relationship.aid effectiveness;education;Sector-specific aid

Aid and Universal Primary Education

Universal Primary Education (UPE) is one of the main objectives of development aid. However, very little empirical evidence of its effectiveness actually exists. Until very recently, the quality of available data was not sufficient to obtain robust results regarding the relationship between international aid and educational achievements. In this article, the latest, more disaggregated and more reliable data is used to study the relationship between aid to education and educational achievements. The focus here not only on educational variables in term of coverage, but also in term of equity and process. The year of Fast Track Initiative (FTI) endorsement is used as an original instrument to tackle the endogeneity problem of aid. Our results are very robust and indicate that aid to primary education has a strong effect on primary school enrollment and gender parity. A negative impact on repetitions rate is also indicated while no effect on the pupil teacher ratio can be observed. Diminishing return in the effectiveness of aid to primary education may also be highlighted. Finally, the governance variables do not appear to have an impact on this relationship.aid effectiveness, education, Sector-specific aid

Aid and Universal Primary Education

Universal Primary Education (UPE) is one of the main objectives of development aid. However, very little empirical evidence of its effectiveness actually exists. Until very recently, the quality of available data was not sufficient to obtain robust results regarding the relationship between international aid and educational achievements. In this article, the latest, more disaggregated and more reliable data is used to study the relationship between aid to education and educational achievements. The focus here not only on educational variables in term of coverage, but also in term of equity and process. The year of Fast Track Initiative (FTI) endorsement is used as an original instrument to tackle the endogeneity problem of aid. Our results are very robust and indicate that aid to primary education has a strong effect on primary school enrollment and gender parity. A negative impact on repetitions rate is also indicated while no effect on the pupil teacher ratio can be observed. Diminishing return in the effectiveness of aid to primary education may also be highlighted. Finally, the governance variables do not appear to have an impact on this relationship

Indeks massa tubuh dan kadar HbA1c pada pasien diabetes melitus tipe 2

Penyakit diabetes mellitus tipe 2 (DM tipe 2) berdampak negatif pada kualitas hidup sekaligus meningkatkan morbiditas dan mortalitas. HbA1 (hemoglobin terglikasi) digunakan untuk mendiagnosis diabetes mellitus. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan hubungan antara nilai IMT dan HbA1c pada pasien DM tipe 2. Studi ini mengambil pendekatan cross-sectional dan bersifat observasional. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hubungan IMT dengan Kadar HbA1c yang paling banyak mempengaruhi diabetes mellitus adalah 18,5-24,9 yaitu 53 orang, sedangkan yang paling rendah yaitu ≥25 dengan jumlah 22 orang. Terdapat korelasi yang tidak signifikan antara Hba1c dengan IMT (p=0,987)

Zamfirescu mappings under Pata-type condition: Results and application to an integral equation

Introduction/purpose: Pata-type and Zamfirescu mappings are extended beyond metric spaces. Methods: The concept of Pata-type Zamfirescu mapping within the framework of S-metric spaces is employed. Results: A series of corresponding outcomes has been established. Furthermore, the obtained results are employed to solve an integral equation. Conclusions: S-Pata type and Zamfirescu mappings have unique fixed points.Preslikavanja tipa Pata i Zamfiresku su proširena izvan metričkih prostora. Metode: Primenjen je koncept Zamfiresku preslikavanja tipa Pata u okviru S-metričkih prostora. Rezultati: Utvrđen je niz odgovarajućih ishoda. Zatim su se dobijeni rezultati koristili za rešavanje integralne jednačine. Zaključak: Preslikavanja tipa S-Pata i Zamfiresku imaju jedinstvene nepokretne tačke

Multiple-scattering model for the effective refractive index of dense suspensions of forward-scattering particles

We present a multiple-scattering model for the effective refractive index of an arbitrarily dense suspension of forward-scattering particles. The model provides a very simple formula for the effective refractive index of such a suspension and reproduces with high accuracy available experimental results. Furthermore, the derivation we present herein is mathematically transparent and enables us to obtain information on the underlying physical processes rather than obscuring them. We also provide insight into the extent of the model's validity and a simple way to determine whether or not it will be valid for an arbitrary suspension. Due to its simplicity, analytical closedness and wide range of applicability, we believe the model can be used as a diagnostic tool for complex materials of vastly different natures.Comment: 14 page

Handlungsorientiertes Lernen in der ISSU-Werkstatt (Interdisziplinäre Sachbildung/Sachunterricht) an der Universität Bremen

Die ISSU-Werkstatt im Studienfach Interdisziplinäre Sachbildung/Sachunterricht (ISSU) der Universität Bremen ist institutioneller Bestandteil innerhalb der Lehrer- und Lehrerinnenbildung. Begleitet durch Lehrende des Studienfachs ISSU, wird Studierenden ermöglicht, im Rahmen natur- und gesellschaftwissenschaftlicher Lerneinheiten in der Werkstatt Praxiserfahrungen mit Kindern aus dem Elementar- und Primarbereich zu sammeln und zu reflektieren. Dabei findet insofern die Heterogenität der Kinder Berücksichtigung, als diese ermuntert werden, sowohl eigenen Fragestellungen nachzugehen als auch sich an Frageimpulsen anderer zu orientieren. Weiterhin wird in der ISSU-Werkstatt eine Balance zwischen angeleitetem Experimentieren und freiem Explorieren geschaffen und das Lernen als aktive Wissenskonstruktion gefördert. Der Beitrag erörtert am Beispiel des Inhalts „Klima und Klimawandel“, wie die Kompetenzerweiterung von Studierenden in der ISSU-Werkstatt sowohl praxisnah als auch handlungsorientiert unterstützt werden kann. (DIPF/Orig.