10 research outputs found
What Is New in Cutaneous T Cell Lymphoma?
Purpose of Review
This review focuses on updates in prognosis, pathogenesis, and treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL).
Recent Findings
Cohort studies indicate imaging may be necessary in early-stage CTCL. Risk factors for progression of CTCL have been identified. Interactions between malignant cells and the tumor microenvironment (TME) and the skin microbiome advance the understanding of pathogenesis and tumor cell dissemination. Studies support a hypothesis of circulating malignant tumor cells. MicroRNA (miR) influence tumor progression and prognosis; the IL22-STAT3-CCL20 cascade may be a novel target. IL-4, IL-5, and IL-31 cytokines are relevant for pruritus and could be targets for therapeutic interventions. Systemic therapies, such as JAK inhibitors, targeted antibodies, and checkpoint inhibitors, show promise in advanced stages. Allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation provides a potential curative option for patients.
Summary
Further investigations of prognosis and translational research are necessary to improve stratification of patients for treatment
Impact of formulation and process parameters on near-infrared spectra: Application for water determination in biopharmaceuticals
Traditionally, the water content of freeze-dried biopharmaceuticals is determined by time-consuming methods such as Karl Fischer titration. As a fast and non-destructive method, many studies demonstrated the efficiency
of Near-Infrared (NIR) spectroscopy for that purpose [1].
In this study, NIR was applied to different freeze-dried monoclonal antibody. The aim was to evaluate the robustness of a NIR model depending on formulation composition and process parameters of the lyophilization parameters, and the benefits of NIR when developing a freeze-drying cycle for a new pharmaceutical product.
A full Design of experiments (DoE) was established in order to produce materials with various formulations and various process parameters. As a first step, a calibration model was created and validated. The model creation was based on 4 target lyophilized cycles which were manufactured to obtain samples with different water content concentration. Then, 20 lyophilized cycles were produced according to the DoE. Two levels of protein and sucrose concentration, and two levels of pressure / primary drying temperature and process time were investigated. Furthermore, several samples of each experiment stored at different temperature and relative humidity conditions were evaluated.
Chemometrics using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Partial Least Squares (PLS) were used to evaluate the process variations and to determine the water content, respectively.
NIR is capable to differentiate between different lyophilization process conditions, based on chemometrics. Robust calibration NIR model for water determination was generated against KF independent on lyophilization process parameters and formulation composition. NIR is suitable and robust method for drug product development of freeze-dried formulation
Near-infrared spectroscopy to determine residual moisture in freeze-dried products: Model generation by statistical design of experiments
peer reviewedMoisture content (MC) is a critical quality attribute of lyophilized biopharmaceuticals and can be
determined by near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy as nondestructive alternative to Karl-Fischer
titration. In this study, we create NIR models to determine MC in monoclonal antibody
lyophilisates by use of statistical design of experiments (DoE) and multivariate data analysis
(MVDA). We varied the composition of the formulation as well as lyophilization parameters
covering a large range of representative conditions, which is commonly referred to as ‘robustness
testing’ according to quality-by-design concepts. We applied principles of chemometrics with
partial least squares and principal component analyses (PCA). The NIR model excluded samples
with complete collapse and MC > 6%. The two main components in the PCA were MC (91%)
and protein:sugar ratio (6%). The third component amounted to only 3% and remained
unspecified but may include variations in process parameters and cake structure. In contrast to
traditional approaches for NIR model creation, the DoE-based model can be used to monitor MC
during drug product development work including scale-up, and transfer without the need to
update the NIR model if protein:sugar ratio and MC stays within the tested limits and cake
structure remains macroscopically intact. The use of the DoE approach and MVDA ensures
product consistency and improves understanding of the manufacturing process
Sex-dependent association between inflammation, neural stress responses, and impaired myocardial function
PURPOSE
Evidence to date has failed to reveal unique female determinants of cardiovascular disease. However, a strong association was recently observed between increased metabolic activity in the amygdala, a neural centre involved in the processing of emotions, and impaired myocardial function in women, but not in men. Given the stronger immune responses in females, we sought to retrospectively investigate the interaction between inflammation, perceived stress, and myocardial injury.
METHODS
Overall, 294 patients (mean age 66.9 ± 10.0 years, 28.6% women) underwent both, Tc-tetrofosmin single-photon emission computed tomography myocardial perfusion imaging and F-fluorodeoxyglucose (F-FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography for the assessment of cardiac function, bone marrow metabolism (surrogate marker of inflammation), and resting amygdalar activity.
RESULTS
A positive association was found between amygdalar metabolism and F-FDG bone marrow uptake in women (r = 0.238, p = 0.029), but not in men (r = 0.060, p = 0.385). Linear regression models selected both, abnormal left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and abnormal myocardial perfusion, as significant indicators of an increased amygdalar activity in women (B-coefficient LVEF, - 0.096; p = 0.021; abnormal myocardial perfusion, 3.227; p = 0.043), but not in men (bone marrow p = 0.076; abnormal myocardial perfusion p = 0.420). Accordingly, an interaction term consisting of sex and LVEF/abnormal myocardial perfusion was significant (p = 0.043 and p = 0.015, respectively).
CONCLUSIONS
Upregulated amygdalar metabolism is associated with an enhanced inflammatory state in female patients with impaired cardiac function. Given that enhanced activity of the limbic system is associated with worse cardiovascular outcomes, our study suggests that a focus on inflammatory markers and indicators of distress might help to tailor cardiovascular risk assessment and therapy towards the female cardiovascular phenotype
Near-Infrared Spectroscopy to Determine Residual Moisture in Freeze-Dried Products: Model Generation by Statistical Design of Experiments
Association between vertebral bone mineral density, myocardial perfusion, and long-term cardiovascular outcomes: A sex-specific analysis
BACKGROUND
Sexual dimorphism in the manifestation of coronary artery disease (CAD) has unleashed a call to reconsider cardiovascular risk assessment. Alterations of bone mineral density (BMD) have been associated with congestive heart failure and appear to be modified by sex. However, the sex-specific association between BMD, myocardial perfusion, and cardiovascular outcomes is currently unknown.
METHODS
A total number of 491 patients (65.9 ± 10.7 years, 32.4% women) underwent N-ammonia positron emission tomography/computed tomography for evaluation of CAD, and were tracked for major adverse cardiac events (MACEs).
RESULTS
Event-free survival (median follow-up time of 4.3 ± 2.0 years) was significantly reduced in patients with low (≤ 100 Hounsfield units) compared to those with higher BMD (log-rank P = .037). Accordingly, reduced BMD was chosen as significant predictor of MACE in a fully adjusted proportional hazards regression model (P = .015). Further, a first-order interaction term consisting of sex and BMD was statistically significant (P = .007). BMD was significantly lower in patients with abnormal myocardial perfusion or impaired left ventricular ejection fraction (P < .05). This difference, however, was noticed in men, but not in women.
CONCLUSIONS
The association between low BMD and cardiovascular disease is sex dependent. Our data suggest that quantification of BMD during myocardial perfusion imaging for evaluation of CAD may be particularly useful in men
Association between resting amygdalar activity and abnormal cardiac function in women and men: a retrospective cohort study
AIMS
Cardiovascular outcomes of women with coronary artery disease (CAD) are perceived as relatively worse when compared to men. Amygdalar metabolic activity has recently been shown to independently predict cardiovascular events in patients without known cardiovascular disease. Given that traditional algorithms for risk prediction perform worse in women than in men, we sought to assess sex-specific associations between amygdalar metabolic activity and cardiac dysfunction with suspected or known CAD.
METHODS AND RESULTS
This retrospective study included 302 patients (mean age 66.8 ± 10.2 years, 29.1% women) selected for evaluation of CAD, malignant, or inflammatory disease. All patients had undergone both, myocardial perfusion imaging by single photon emission computed tomography (MPI-SPECT) and whole-body fluoro-18-deoxyglucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography (PET), within 6 months. 18F-FDG resting amygdalar uptake was significantly increased in women with abnormal MPI scans (standardized uptake value 33.4 ± 6.5 vs. 30.4 ± 4.7, P = 0.043), while no such difference was observed in men (P = 0.808). In women, but not in men, a negative association between 18F-FDG resting amygdalar activity and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was observed (Pearson r = -0.308, P = 0.004). Accordingly, either LVEF [B-coefficient (standard error, SE) = -0.232 (0.109), P = 0.045] or abnormal MPI [B-coefficient (SE) = 8.264 (2.449), P = 0.003] were selected as significant predictors of high amygdalar 18F-FDG uptake in a fully adjusted linear regression model in women, and a first order interaction term consisting of sex and LVEF or sex and abnormal MPI was significant (P = 0.035 and P = 0.001, respectively).
CONCLUSION
Resting amygdalar metabolic activity is associated with abnormal cardiac function and perfusion in women, suggesting a link between emotional stress and cardiovascular disease in women
Sex Differences in the Association between Inflammation and Ischemic Heart Disease
BACKGROUND
Inflammation plays a fundamental role in mediating all stages of atherosclerosis. Given the higher prevalence of inflammatory rheumatologic conditions in women and the female propensity towards worse cardiovascular outcomes, refined strategies are needed to better identify the high-risk female cardiovascular phenotype.
OBJECTIVES
This article aims to assess sex-specific links between inflammatory processes and the development and progression of ischemic heart disease.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
The relationship between vertebral bone marrow metabolism-a marker of inflammation-and myocardial injury was retrospectively assessed in 294 patients (28.6% women, mean age: 66.9 ± 10.0 years) who underwent F-fluorodeoxyglucose (F-FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) and Tc-tetrofosmin single-photon emission computed tomography myocardial perfusion imaging (SPECT-MPI).
RESULTS
A significant increase in F-FDG bone marrow uptake was observed in women with impaired myocardial perfusion (SPECT-MPI) as compared to women with normal myocardial perfusion (standardized uptake value [SUV]: 2.2 ± 1.2 vs. 1.7 ± 0.5, = 0.013), while no such difference was observed in men (SUV: 1.6 ± 0.8 vs. 1.6 ± 0.4, = 0.372). Furthermore, a significant inverse correlation between left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and bone marrow metabolism was seen in women ( = -0.229, = 0.037), but not in men ( = -0.075, = 0.289). Accordingly, in women, but not in men, bone marrow activity was identified as an independent predictor of both, reduced LVEF (-coefficient, -4.537; = 0.040) and impaired myocardial perfusion (β-coefficient, 0.138; = 0.014).
CONCLUSION
A strong link between bone marrow metabolism and impaired myocardial function and perfusion was observed in women, but not in men. Our data suggest that novel biomarkers of inflammation might help to identify women at risk for ischemic cardiomyopathy and to tailor disease management to the female cardiovascular phenotype
Metabolic Activity in Central Neural Structures of Patients With Myocardial Injury
Background Increasing evidence suggests a psychosomatic link between neural systems and the heart. In light of the growing burden of ischemic cardiovascular disease across the globe, a better understanding of heart-brain interactions and their implications for cardiovascular treatment strategies is needed. Thus, we sought to investigate the interaction between myocardial injury and metabolic alterations in central neural areas in patients with suspected or known coronary artery disease. Methods and Results The association between resting metabolic activity in distinct neural structures and cardiac function was analyzed in 302 patients (aged 66.8±10.2 years; 70.9% men) undergoing fluor-18-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography and 99mTc-tetrofosmin single-photon emission computed tomography myocardial perfusion imaging. There was evidence for reduction of callosal, caudate, and brainstem fluor-18-deoxyglucose uptake in patients with impaired left ventricular ejection fraction (<55% versus ≥55%: P=0.047, P=0.022, and P=0.013, respectively) and/or in the presence of myocardial ischemia (versus normal perfusion: P=0.010, P=0.013, and P=0.016, respectively). In a sex-stratified analysis, these differences were observed in men, but not in women. A first-order interaction term consisting of sex and impaired left ventricular ejection fraction or myocardial ischemia was identified as predictor of metabolic activity in these neural regions (left ventricular ejection fraction: P=0.015 for brainstem; myocardial ischemia: P=0.004, P=0.018, and P=0.003 for callosal, caudate, or brainstem metabolism, respectively). Conclusions Myocardial dysfunction and injury are associated with reduced resting metabolic activity of central neural structures, including the corpus callosum, the caudate nucleus, and the brainstem. These associations differ in women and men, suggesting sex differences in the pathophysiological interplay of the nervous and cardiovascular systems