Analysis of Writing Inks on Paper Using Direct Analysis in Real Time Mass Spectrometry

Ink analysis is central to questioned document examination. We applied direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry (DART MS) to ballpoint, gel, and fluid writing ink analysis. DART MS acquires the mass spectrum of an ink while it is still on a document without altering the appearance of the document. Spectra were acquired from ink on a variety of papers, and the spectrum of the blank paper could be subtracted out to produce a cleanly isolated ink spectrum in most cases. Only certain heavy or heavily processed papers interfered. The time since an ink is written on paper has a large effect on its spectrum. DART spectra change radically during the first few months after an ink is written as the more volatile components evaporate, but the spectra stabilize after that. A library-search study involving 166 well-aged inks assessed the ability to identify inks from their DART spectra. The aggregate success rate was 92%

Limnological Features of Some Northwestern Iowa Lakes

Quantitative information on the morphology, watershed characteristics, water transparency, water chemistry and algal crops of six Iowa lakes is summarized. Lake West Okoboji had less oxygen present in the hypolimnion in 1950-1973 than in 1919-1928, indicating an increase in eutrophication. On the basis of increasing plant-nutrient concentrations, increasing summer algal standing crops and decreasing water transparency, the lakes can be ranked thus: Lake West Okoboji, Big Spirit Lake, Lake East Okoboji (including Upper Gar and Minnewashta) and Lower Gar Lake. These differences among lakes are related to the ratio of watershed area to lake volume, which controls the impact of annual nutrient inputs from the watersheds

A Survey of Water Transparency in Iowa Lakes

Measurements of Secchi disk transparency were made in 50 Iowa lakes and reservoirs in the summer of 1975. Averages of July and August readings for individual lakes ranged from 0.1 to 2.7 m. The man-made lakes in the southern part of the state generally had greater transparencies than the natural lakes in the north. Reduced transparency was related more to algal density than to suspended inorganic matter