Do Resident and Non-Resident Northern Bobwhite Hunters Self-Regulate Harvest Based on Population Size?

A variety of factors influence the relative strength of additive and compensatory mortality of harvest on northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) including covey dynamics, habitat fragmentation, and timing of harvest. State wildlife agencies have long believed regulations could be liberal because hunters will self-regulate effort when populations decrease. A confounding observation is that with lower population abundances, hunter skill and harvest rate increases because the more novice hunters do not participate. This raises the question whether non-resident small game hunters could have a larger impact at lower population levels if they have (1) more money to dedicate to out of state licenses and travel/lodging, and (2) time to dedicate to the hunting experience? We examined long-term bobwhite population and harvest data from Kansas (1966–1999) to learn if self-regulation differed between resident and non-resident small game hunters. The number of resident and non-resident small game hunters was related to their respective harvest of northern bobwhites. Decreasing October population index was associated with a decline in the number of resident bobwhite hunter days and harvest. Conversely, increasing numbers of non-resident hunters participated in the hunting season with higher hunter efficiency and a larger harvest at lower October population index levels. Total relative harvest decreased overwinter (Oct–Jan) survival. The Kansas resident bobwhite harvest is probably self-regulatory but non-resident harvest is not. Future harvest regulations should consider the impact of non-resident harvest

Insects in the Killbuck Marsh Wildlife Area: 1993 Survey

Author Institution: Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Ohio State UniversityThe Killbuck Marsh Wildlife Area was the focus of a seven month survey performed in 1993 to determine the diversity of selected insects. Primary emphasis was focused on three families of Coleoptera: ground beetles, including tiger beetles (Carabidae); sap beetles (Nitidulidae); and carrion beetles (Silphidae). Rare or endangered species within these families were of particular interest and constant vigilance was made to detect them. Five collection methods were used at five sites within the Killbuck Marsh. These included: ultraviolet (black light) traps, flight interception (window) traps, bait traps, carrion bait sampling, and aerial and aquatic sweep netting. In all, 68 ground beetle, 30 sap beetle, and seven carrion beetle species were identified. In addition to these families, beetles from 47 other families (372 species) of Coleoptera were collected and identified. Aside from Coleoptera, several dragonflies and damselflies (Odonata), caddisflies (Trichoptera), butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera), and mosquitoes and midges (Diptera) were also taken. Six ground beetle species considered uncommon were encountered: Agonum cupripenne (Say), Agonum galvestonicum Casey, Chlaenius niger Randall, Oo'des americanum Dejean, Blemus discus (F.), and Stenocrepis cuprea (Chaudoir). One hister beetle (Histeridae), Anapleus marginatus LeConte, was also very uncommon for this area

Obesity‐associated mutant melanocortin‐4 receptors with normal Gαs coupling frequently exhibit other discoverable pharmacological and biochemical defects

Mutations in the melanocortin‐4 receptor (MC4R) are the most common cause of early syndromic obesity known. Most of these mutations result in a loss of protein expression, α‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone binding, receptor trafficking or coupling to the stimulatory G‐protein, Gαs. However, approximately 26% of the obesity‐associated mutations characterised to date exhibit none of these pharmacological defects. In the present study, we investigated seven of these apparently normal mutant MC4R in more detail and found that the majority (five of the seven) exhibit marked defects including defective binding of another endogenous melanocortin ligand, defective glycosylation, and defective recruitment of β‐arrestin. These data provide support for two hypotheses: (i) that the majority of these rare, obesity‐associated mutations are likely defective and causative of obesity and (ii) that β‐arrestin recruitment is a valuable marker of normal MC4R function. Recent work has demonstrated a statistical correlation between the efficacy of β‐arrestin recruitment to the MC4R and body mass index; however, the data reported here demonstrate both decreased and increased β‐arrestin signalling in obesity‐associated MC4R mutations.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/152000/1/jne12795_am.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/152000/2/jne12795-sup-0001-FigS1-S4.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/152000/3/jne12795.pd

Survey of the Moths (Lepidoptera) Inhabiting the Funk Bottoms Wildlife Area, Wayne and Ashland Counties, Ohio

Author Institution: Department of Entomology, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State UniversityIn 1995, the Funk Bottoms Wildlife Area was the subject of an ongoing series of insect surveys intended to establish benchmark information on arthropod diversity of wetlands in northeast Ohio. This article concentrates on the moths which were collected at ultraviolet light traps within the Funk Bottoms Wildlife Area. A companion report will follow focusing on the Coleoptera along with several orders of aquatic insects. 3252 specimens were identified to 306 species in 19 families. These species are classified as follows: Abundant = 34; Locally Abundant = 1; Common = 257; Locally Common = 2; Uncommon = 10; Rare = 1; and Special Interest = 1

Overlapping Chronic Pain Conditions: Implications for Diagnosis and Classification

AbstractThere is increasing recognition that many if not most common chronic pain conditions are heterogeneous with a high degree of overlap or coprevalence of other common pain conditions along with influences from biopsychosocial factors. At present, very little attention is given to the high degree of overlap of many common pain conditions when recruiting for clinical trials. As such, many if not most patients enrolled into clinical studies are not representative of most chronic pain patients. The failure to account for the heterogeneous and overlapping nature of most common pain conditions may result in treatment responses of small effect size when these treatments are administered to patients with chronic overlapping pain conditions (COPCs) represented in the general population. In this brief review we describe the concept of COPCs and the putative mechanisms underlying COPCs. Finally, we present a series of recommendations that will advance our understanding of COPCs.PerspectiveThis brief review describes the concept of COPCs. A mechanism-based heuristic model is presented and current knowledge and evidence for COPCs are presented. Finally, a set of recommendations is provided to advance our understanding of COPCs

The p110 delta structure: mechanisms for selectivity and potency of new PI(3)K inhibitors.

Deregulation of the phosphoinositide-3-OH kinase (PI(3)K) pathway has been implicated in numerous pathologies including cancer, diabetes, thrombosis, rheumatoid arthritis and asthma. Recently, small-molecule and ATP-competitive PI(3)K inhibitors with a wide range of selectivities have entered clinical development. In order to understand the mechanisms underlying the isoform selectivity of these inhibitors, we developed a new expression strategy that enabled us to determine to our knowledge the first crystal structure of the catalytic subunit of the class IA PI(3)K p110 delta. Structures of this enzyme in complex with a broad panel of isoform- and pan-selective class I PI(3)K inhibitors reveal that selectivity toward p110 delta can be achieved by exploiting its conformational flexibility and the sequence diversity of active site residues that do not contact ATP. We have used these observations to rationalize and synthesize highly selective inhibitors for p110 delta with greatly improved potencies

Mechanisms of Acute Eosinophil Mobilization from the Bone Marrow Stimulated by Interleukin 5: The Role of Specific Adhesion Molecules and Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase

Mobilization of bone marrow eosinophils is a critical early step in their trafficking to the lung during allergic inflammatory reactions. We have shown previously that the cytokine interleukin (IL)-5, generated during an allergic inflammatory reaction in the guinea pig, acts systemically to mobilize eosinophils from the bone marrow. Here, we have investigated the mechanisms underlying this release process. Examination by light and electron microscopy revealed the rapid migration of eosinophils from the hematopoietic compartment and across the bone marrow sinus endothelium in response to IL-5. Using an in situ perfusion system of the guinea pig hind limb, we showed that IL-5 stimulated a dose-dependent selective release of eosinophils from the bone marrow. Eosinophils released from the bone marrow in response to IL-5 expressed increased levels of β2 integrin and a decrease in L-selectin, but no change in α4 integrin levels. A β2 integrin–blocking antibody markedly inhibited the mobilization of eosinophils from the bone marrow stimulated by IL-5. In contrast, an α4 integrin blocking antibody increased the rate of eosinophil mobilization induced by IL-5. In vitro we demonstrated that IL-5 stimulates the selective chemokinesis of bone marrow eosinophils, a process markedly inhibited by two structurally distinct inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, wortmannin and LY294002. Wortmannin was also shown to block eosinophil release induced by IL-5 in the perfused bone marrow system. The parallel observations on the bone marrow eosinophil release process and responses in isolated eosinophils in vitro suggest that eosinophil chemokinesis is the driving force for release in vivo and that this release process is regulated by α4 and β2 integrins acting in opposite directions