A review of the use of information and communication technologies for dietary assessment

Presently used dietary-assessment methods often present difficulties for researchers and respondents, and misreporting errors are common. Methods using information and communication technologies (ICT) may improve quality and accuracy. The present paper presents a systematic literature review describing studies applying ICT to dietary assessment. Eligible papers published between January 1995 and February 2008 were classified into four assessment categories: computerised assessment; personal digital assistants (PDA); digital photography; smart cards. Computerised assessments comprise frequency questionnaires, 24 h recalls (24HR) and diet history assessments. Self-administered computerised assessments, which can include audio support, may reduce literacy problems, be translated and are useful for younger age groups, but less so for those unfamiliar with computers. Self-administered 24HR utilising computers yielded comparable results as standard methods, but needed supervision if used in children. Computer-assisted interviewer-administered recall results were similar to conventional recalls, and reduced inter-interviewer variability. PDA showed some advantages but did not reduce underreporting. Mobile phone meal photos did not improve PDA accuracy. Digital photography for assessing individual food intake in dining facilities was accurate for adults and children, although validity was slightly higher with direct visual observation. Smart cards in dining facilities were useful for measuring food choice but not total dietary intake. In conclusion, computerised assessments and PDA are promising, and could improve dietary assessment quality in some vulnerable groups and decrease researcher workload. Both still need comprehensive evaluation for micronutrient intake assessment. Further work is necessary for improving ICT tools in established and new methods and for their rigorous evaluatio

Mechanistic features of isomerizing alkoxycarbonylation of methyl oleate.

The weakly coordinated triflate complex [(P∧P)Pd(OTf)]+(OTf)− (1) (P∧ P = 1,3-bis(di-tert-butylphosphino) propane) is a suitable reactive precursor for mechanistic studies of the isomerizing alkoxcarbonylation of methyl oleate. Addition of CH3OH or CD3OD to 1 forms the hydride species [(P∧P)PdH(CH3OH)]+(OTf)− (2-CH3OH) or the deuteride [(P∧P)PdD(CD3OD)]+(OTf)− (2DCD3OD), respectively. Further reaction with pyridine cleanly affords the stable and isolable hydride [(P∧P)PdH- (pyridine)]+(OTf)− (2-pyr). This complex yields the hydride fragment free of methanol by abstraction of pyridine with BF3·OEt2, and thus provides an entry to mechanistic observations including intermediates reactive toward methanol. Exposure of methyl oleate (100 equiv) to 2D-CD3OD resulted in rapid isomerization to the thermodynamic isomer distribution, 94.3% of internal olefins, 5.5% of α,β-unsaturated ester and <0.2% of terminal olefin. Reaction of 2-pyr/BF3·OEt2 with a stoichiometric amount of 1-13C-labeled 1-octene at −80 °C yields a 50:50 mixture of the linear alkyls [(P∧P)Pd13CH2(CH2)6CH3]+ and [(P∧P)PdCH2(CH2)6 13CH3]+ (4a and 4b). Further reaction with 13CO yields the linear acyls [(P∧P)Pd13C(=O)12/13CH2(CH2)6 12/13CH3(L)]+ (5-L; L = solvent or 13CO). Reaction of 2-pyr/ BF3·OEt2 with a stoichiometric amount of methyl oleate at −80 °C also resulted in fast isomerization to form a linear alkyl species [(P∧P)PdCH2(CH2)16C(=O)OCH3]+ (6) and a branched alkyl stabilized by coordination of the ester carbonyl group as a four membered chelate [(P∧P)PdCH{(CH2)15CH3}C(=O)OCH3]+ (7). Addition of carbon monoxide (2.5 equiv) at −80 °C resulted in insertion to form the linear acyl carbonyl [(P∧P)PdC(=O)(CH2)17C(=O)OCH3(CO)]+ (8-CO) and the fivemembered chelate [(P∧P)PdC(=O)CH{(CH2)15CH3}C(=O)OCH3]+ (9). Exposure of 8-CO and 9 to 13CO at −50 °C results in gradual incorporation of the 13C label. Reversibility of 7 + CO ⇄ 9 is also evidenced by ΔG = −2.9 kcal mol−1 and ΔG‡ = 12.5 kcal mol−1 from DFT studies. Addition of methanol at −80 °C results in methanolysis of 8-L (L = solvent) to form the linear diester, 1,19-dimethylnonadecandioate, whereas 9 does not react and no branched diester is observed. DFT yields a barrier for methanolysis of ΔG‡ = 29.7 kcal mol−1 for the linear (8) vs ΔG‡ = 37.7 kcal mol−1 for the branched species (9)

The Lantern Vol. 73, No. 1, Fall 2005

• Newspaper Clippings Found on the Wall of Giuseppe Luchenzo\u27s Home When it was Raided by Police • All the Time in the World • The Man Who Would Win • Souffle Suit • A Day in the Mind • Context • Felicity / Awareness • Frivolous • Thank You Note to J.S.B. • September 17, 2005 • Eight Ways of Looking at a Highway • Dusty Glass Spreads Air Like Light • Clockwork • Rubber Band • Outside Eye or I Am? • A Mundane Mysticism • Half Carat • Things I Learned on My Trip to the Mutter Museum of Medical Oddities • Peer Editing • The Attic Bones • Yeshttps://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/lantern/1167/thumbnail.jp

The Lantern Vol. 72, No. 2, Spring 2005

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The Lantern Vol. 73, No. 2, Spring 2006

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Clinical Presentation and Angiographic Characteristics of Saphenous Vein Graft Failure After Stenting Insights From the SOS (Stenting Of Saphenous Vein Grafts) Trial

ObjectivesWe sought to compare the clinical presentation and angiographic patterns of saphenous vein graft (SVG) failure after stenting with a paclitaxel-eluting stent (PES) versus a similar bare-metal stent (BMS).BackgroundThe mode of SVG failure after stenting has been poorly characterized.MethodsThe SOS (Stenting Of Saphenous Vein Grafts) trial enrolled 80 patients with 112 lesions in 88 SVGs who were randomized to a BMS or PES. Angiographic follow-up at 12 months was available in 83% of the patients.ResultsBinary angiographic restenosis occurred in 51% (24 of 47) of BMS-treated lesions versus 9% (4 of 43) of PES-treated lesions (p < 0.0001). Graft occlusion occurred in 9 of the 21 SVGs (43%) that failed in the BMS group and in 2 of 4 SVGs (50%) that failed in the PES group. SVG failure after stenting presented as an acute coronary syndrome in 10 of the 24 patients (42%) (7 of those 10 patients presented with non–ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction), stable angina in 9 (37%) patients, and without symptoms in 5 (21%) patients. Of the 19 patients (with 20 grafts) who developed symptomatic graft failure, repeat SVG revascularization was successfully performed in all 13 (100%) subtotally obstructed SVGs but was attempted (and successful) in only 1 of 7 (14%) occluded SVGs. Revascularization of a native coronary artery was performed in an additional 4 of 7 (57%) symptomatic patients with an occluded SVG.ConclusionsSVG failure after stenting often presents as acute myocardial infarction and with SVG occlusion. Compared with BMS, PES reduce SVG failure

The Lantern Vol. 74, No. 1, Fall 2006

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The mechanism of the isomerizing alkoxycarbonylation of plant oils

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