Beyond Competencies: Associations between Personality and School Grades Are Largely Independent of Subject-Specific and General Cognitive Competencies

The Big Five personality traits are established predictors of school grades. However, the mechanisms underlying these associations are not yet well understood. Effects of personality on grades might arise because behavioral tendencies facilitate learning and increase subject-specific competencies. Alternatively, personality effects on grades might be independent of cognitive competencies and reflect otherwise valued behaviors or teachers' grading practices. In the current study, we drew on large-scale data of 7th and 9th graders in Germany to explore the extent to which personality predicted grades even after accounting for competencies. Controlling for competencies and other key covariates, we cross-sectionally and longitudinally examined personality-grade associations across different school subjects, grade levels, and school types. Results indicate that the predictive power of personality is largely independent of subject-specific and general cognitive competencies. The largest effects emerged for conscientiousness. For openness, associations with grades partly overlapped with competencies, suggesting that openness may operate by fostering competencies. Overall, our results suggest that the associations between personality and grades unfold mostly independently of course mastery. This finding underlines the socioemotional value of personality in the classroom and encourages a more fine-grained view of the interplay between personality, competencies, classroom behavior, and grades

Consistency of the Structural Properties of the BFI-10 Across 16 Samples From Eight Large-Scale Surveys in Germany

The assessment of the Big Five personality domains is standard practice in most large-scale social surveys nowadays. The instrument most widely used for this purpose is the BFI-10, an ultra-short measure assessing each Big Five domain with two items. Recent studies have identified issues with the structural properties of the BFI-10, especially its factorial validity. To investigate whether these issues arise from the instrument itself or biases due to translation or sampling, we examined the extent to which the structural properties of the BFI-10 in terms of descriptive statistics, intercorrelations, reliability, and factorial validity vary when keeping the target population and language constant. Results revealed that, across 16 independent samples (total N ~ 60,000) from eight large-scale surveys representative of the adult population in Germany, the structural properties of the BFI-10 were (a) largely consistent and (b) mostly adequate. Most importantly, in nearly all samples, patterns of loading were congruent with an idealized Big Five structure, thereby supporting factorial validity. These results demonstrate that the structural properties of the BFI-10 are highly stable and replicable in large-scale samples. Especially given its brevity, the BFI-10 can thus be regarded as adequate for use in large-scale survey settings

The German O*NET Interest Profiler Short Form

Holland's RIASEC model is the dominant framework to conceptualize vocational interests. It describes vocational interests with six broad domains: realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising, and conventional. The O*NET Interest Profiler Short Form is a freely accessible inventory measuring vocational interests according to Holland's model with 60 items. With this manuscript, we provide a translation of the inventory into German and evaluate the scores’ psychometric qualities, construct-related and criterion-related validity. We used data from an age-diverse (N = 276) and high-school sample (N = 672). Internal consistency estimates of the scale scores were adequate. Randomization tests and multidimensional scaling showed that the scores' structural properties mirrored the RIASEC theoretical model. Scale scores were sensitive to gender differences and could predict participants’ actual and ideal occupations with reasonable hit rates. Overall, the German O*NET Interest Profiler Short Form seems apt for usage in career counseling and research settings

Don't Keep It Too Simple: Simplified Items Do Not Improve Measurement Quality

When formulating questionnaire items, generally accepted rules include: Keeping the wording as simple as possible and avoiding double-barreled items. However, the empirical basis for these rules is sparse. The present study aimed to systematically investigate in an experimental design whether simplifying items of a personality scale and avoiding double-barreled items (i.e., items that contain multiple stimuli) markedly increases psychometric quality. Specifically, we compared the original items of the Big Five Inventory-2 - most of which are either double-barreled or can be regarded as complexly formulated - with simplified versions of the items. We tested the two versions using a large, heterogeneous sample (N = 2,234). The simplified versions did not possess better psychometric quality than their original counterparts; rather, they showed weaker factorial validity. Regarding item characteristics, reliability, and criterion validity, no substantial differences were identified between the original and simplified versions. These findings were also replicated for the subsample of lower-educated respondents, who are considered more sensitive to complex item formulations. Our study thus suggests that simplifying item wording and avoiding double-barreled items in a personality inventory does not improve the quality of a questionnaire; rather, using simpler (and consequently more vague) item formulations may even decrease factorial validity

State investigative interest varies across daily life and predicts academic engagement: Replication and extension of the nomological network

Recent contributions propose to integrate a state perspective into the conceptualization of vocational interests. Such integration addresses in-the-moment expressions of interests and allows to track relations to distal outcomes of vocational interests more closely. To further the trait-state integration of vocational interests, insights into the nomological network of state vocational interests are necessary. In this preregistered experience sampling study of 217 university students, we studied state investigative interest in daily life and the relations with theory-derived person- and situation-related constructs. Results from 5631 observations across 3.5 weeks showed that specific situation characteristics, openness, happiness, and current social student role were associated with state investigative interest. Furthermore, person-aggregated state investigative interest and the reactivity of investigative interest in situations related with their academic studies predicted individuals’ overall academic engagement in some cases. Generally, the relations in the nomological network were stronger when state investigative interest and hypothesized constructs were more closely aligned. Overall, the results underline the systematic nature and psychological relevance of state vocational interests. We discuss how integrating a state perspective into research on vocational interests implies novel approaches for capitalizing on the power of vocational interests.the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation)Peer Reviewe

Is it all in the eye of the beholder? The importance of situation construal for situational judgment test performance

German Research Foundatio

The importance of situation construal for situational judgment test performance

Recent research challenges the importance of situation descriptions for situational judgment test (SJT) performance. This study contributes to resolving the ongoing debate on whether SJTs are situational measures, by incorporating findings on person × situation interactions into SJT research. Specifically, across three studies (NTotal = 1,239), we first tested whether situation construal (i.e., the individual perception of situations in SJTs) predicts responses to SJT items. Second, we assessed whether the relevance of situation construal for SJT performance depends on test elements (i.e., situation descriptions and response options) and item features (i.e., description‐dependent vs. description‐independent SJT items). Lastly, we determined whether situation construal has incremental validity for job‐related criteria over and above SJT performance. The results showed that, for most SJT items, situation construal significantly contributed to SJT performance, even if only response options were available. This was also true for SJT items that are significantly more difficult to solve when situation descriptions are omitted (i.e., description‐dependent SJT items). Finally, situation construal explained variance in relevant criteria over and above SJT performance. Despite recent efforts to reconceptualize SJTs, our results suggest that they can still be viewed as situational measures. However, situation descriptions may be less crucial for these underlying situational processes. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed

Biomarkers in Painful Symptomatic Knee OA Demonstrate That MRI Assessed Joint Damage and Type II Collagen Degradation Products Are Linked to Disease Progression

Background: Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent arthritis worldwide, but the evolution of pain in relation to joint damage and biochemical markers are not well understood. We evaluated the relation between clinical pain measures and evoked pain in relation to structural damage and biochemical biomarkers in knee OA. Methods: A cross-sectional study in people with knee OA and healthy controls was conducted. A total of 130 participants with advanced OA requiring total knee replacement (TKR) (n = 78), mild OA having standard care (n = 42) and non-OA controls (n = 6), with four drop-outs were assessed. Pain scoring was performed by the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities OA Index (WOMAC_P) and the Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Pain sensitization was assessed by pain pressure thresholds (PPTs). Knee magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) assessed joint damage using the MRI Knee OA Score (MOAKS). Overall MOAKS scores were created for bone marrow lesions (BMLs), cartilage degradation (CD), and effusion/Hoffa synovitis (tSyn). Type II collagen cleavage products (CTX-II) were determined by ELISA. Results: The advanced OA group had a mean age of 68.9 ± 7.7 years and the mild group 63.1 ± 9.6. The advanced OA group had higher levels of pain, with mean WOMAC_P of 58.8 ± 21.7 compared with the mild OA group of 40.6 ± 26.0. All OA subjects had pain sensitization by PPT compared with controls (p < 0.05). WOMAC_P correlated with the total number of regions with cartilage damage (nCD) (R = 0.225, p = 0.033) and total number of BMLs (nBML) (R = 0.195, p = 0.065) using body mass index (BMI), age, and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) as covariates. Levels of CTX-II correlated with tSyn (R = 0.313, p = 0.03), nBML (R = 0.252, p = 0.019), number of osteophytes (R = 0.33, p = 0.002), and nCD (R = 0.218, p = 0.042), using BMI and age as covariates. A multivariate analysis indicated that BMI and HADS were the most significant predictors of pain scores (p < 0.05). Conclusion: People with both mild and advanced OA show features of pain sensitization. We found that increasing MRI-detected joint damage was associated with higher levels of CTX-II, suggesting that increasing disease severity can be assessed by MRI and CTX-II biomarkers to evaluate OA disease progression

Microarray analysis of bone marrow lesions in osteoarthritis demonstrates upregulation of genes implicated in osteochondral turnover, neurogenesis and inflammation

Objective Bone marrow lesions (BMLs) are well described in osteoarthritis (OA) using MRI and are associated with pain, but little is known about their pathological characteristics and gene expression. We evaluated BMLs using novel tissue analysis tools to gain a deeper understanding of their cellular and molecular expression. Methods We recruited 98 participants, 72 with advanced OA requiring total knee replacement (TKR), 12 with mild OA and 14 non-OA controls. Participants were assessed for pain (using Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC)) and with a knee MRI (using MOAKS). Tissue was then harvested at TKR for BML analysis using histology and tissue microarray. Results The mean (SD) WOMAC pain scores were significantly increased in advanced OA 59.4 (21.3) and mild OA 30.9 (20.3) compared with controls 0.5 (1.28) (p<0.0001). MOAKS showed all TKR tissue analysed had BMLs, and within these lesions, bone marrow volume was starkly reduced being replaced by dense fibrous connective tissue, new blood vessels, hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage. Microarray comparing OA BML and normal bone found a significant difference in expression of 218 genes (p<0.05). The most upregulated genes included stathmin 2, thrombospondin 4, matrix metalloproteinase 13 and Wnt/Notch/catenin/chemokine signalling molecules that are known to constitute neuronal, osteogenic and chondrogenic pathways. Conclusion Our study is the first to employ detailed histological analysis and microarray techniques to investigate knee OA BMLs. BMLs demonstrated areas of high metabolic activity expressing pain sensitisation, neuronal, extracellular matrix and proinflammatory signalling genes that may explain their strong association with pain

Interesting Variations—An Exploration of the Nature and Correlates of Vocational Interest States in Daily Life

Interessen werden meist aus einer Trait- oder State-Perspektive beforscht. Erst kürzlich wurden die beiden Perspektiven in einem theoretischen Modell integriert (Su et al., 2019), das postuliert, dass sich Interesse-Traits als intraindividuell variierende States manifestieren. Aufbauend auf dieses Modell untersucht die vorgelegte Dissertation Interessen anhand der wichtigsten Taxonomie für Interesse-Traits—Hollands (1997) Taxonomie beruflicher Interessen. Das Ziel dieser Dissertation ist zu untersuchen, ob und wie sich Berufsinteresse-Traits als States im Alltag manifestieren. Kernstück dieser Arbeit bilden zwei präregistrierte Experience Sampling Studien. Sie werden mit einem Literaturüberblick zu Interesse-Traits und -States eingeleitet sowie der Identifizierung von zwei Forschungszielen: Die Untersuchung (1) der Natur alltäglicher Manifestationen von Interesse-Traits und (2) der Korrelate von Interesse-States. Beide Studien verfolgten diese zwei Forschungsziele. Zentrale Ergebnisse waren, dass (1) Personen systematisch in ihren Interesse-States im Alltag variieren; (2) ein spezifisches Variabilitätsmuster in Interesse-States die Natur von Interesse-States von derjenigen von Persönlichkeit-States zu unterscheiden scheint; (3) Interesse-States systematisch mit spezifischen situations- und personenbezogenen Variablen assoziiert sind. Die Dissertation schließt mit einer Zusammenfassung, wie die beiden Studien zu den identifizierten Forschungszielen beitragen und einer Diskussion der allgemeinen Stärken, Limitationen und Anregungen für künftige Forschung. Theoretische Implikationen werden vorgestellt und in das integrative Modell (Su, et al., 2019) eingebettet. Insgesamt beleuchtet die vorgestellte Forschung die Natur und Korrelate momentaner Manifestationen von Berufsinteressen im täglichen Leben und kann künftige Forschung dazu anregen, stärker eine State-Perspektive auf Interessen zu berücksichtigen.Research on interests is typically conducted with a trait or state perspective. Only recently, the two perspectives have been integrated within a theoretical model (Su et al., 2019), proposing that interest traits manifest as intraindividually varying states. Based on this model, this dissertation examines interests as conceptualized with the most prominent interest trait taxonomy—Holland’s (1997) taxonomy of vocational interests. With this dissertation, I sought to explore whether and how vocational interest traits manifest as states in daily life. Two preregistered experience sampling studies are this dissertation’s core. They are introduced with a literature overview on interest traits and states and an identification of two research goals: Exploring (1) the nature of interest trait manifestations in daily life and (2) correlates of interest states. While the first study provided first empirical answers on the nature and correlates of vocational interest states in daily life, the second study sought to refine these insights. The key findings of the two studies are that (1) persons systematically vary in their vocational interest states in daily life; (2) a distinctive pattern of interest state variability seems to set the nature of vocational interest states apart from the nature of Big Five personality states; (3) vocational interest states are systematically associated with specific situation- and person-related variables. The dissertation concludes with a summary of how the two studies contribute to the identified research goals and a discussion of the studies’ general strengths, limitations, and suggestions for further research. Theoretical implications are presented and associated with the integrative model of interests (Su, et al., 2019). Altogether, shedding light on the nature and correlates of vocational interest states in daily life, the presented research may encourage future work to consider a state perspective in research on vocational interests