Editorial Board

Editor-in Chief Laurence E. Eck Associate Editors Alan F. Cain Gary L. Graham Thomas A. Harney Douglas M. Greenwood Peter M. Kirwan Hames P. Murphy, Jr. Staff Edward Bartlett John L. Hilts Richard G. Nollmeyer, M.D. James L. Jones Carl Roehl William P. Roscoe III Rex B. Stratton, III Faculty Advisor Larry M. Eliso

Editorial Board

Editor-in Chief Wm. P. Roscoe, III Associate Editors James L. Jones Carl F. Roehl, Jr. Edward Bartlett Richard G. Nollmeyer, M.D. Rex B. Stratton, III Staff Ronald Bender Harold V. Dye Robert G. Franks Robert P. Goff Gregory L. Hanson Sandra Muckleston Faculty Advisor Larry M. Eliso

Global franchising in emerging and transitioning economies

Franchising has experienced phenomenal growth both in the US and abroad in recent years. Figures vary, but it is estimated that U.S. franchising generates $800 billion worth of business in gross sales and represents 40 percent of the retail trade (Swartz, 2001). While in the US, Canada and parts of Western Europe franchising has reached domestic market saturation, emerging markets remain relatively untapped. Emerging markets, accounting for 80% of the world’s population and 60% of the world’s natural resources, present the most dynamic potential for long-term growth to businesses, in general, and to franchisors, in specific. The U.S. Department of Commerce estimated that over 75% of the expected growth in world trade over the next two decades will come from emerging countries, particularly Big Emerging Countries, which account for over half the world’s population but only 25% of its GDP. Emerging markets are among the fastest growing markets for international franchisors. Several surveys conducted by Arthur Andersen showed that more and more franchisors are seeking opportunities in emerging markets. A recent article in Franchising World (Amies, 1999) stated: “Franchises are springing up in the most unlikely, and for many of us unheard-of, places...Those franchisors who can establish a beach-head on these wilder shores could do very well, but the risks are great.” This article is a step in the direction of educating its target markets about international franchising opportunities and threats in emerging economies

Organic Certification in the iPOPY Countries and Germany – Current Status and Future Challenges

The paper is part of the proceedings of an iPOPY seminar. Organic production has to be certified and labeled along the supply chain in order to maintain trust in organic premium products. Since January 1st 2009, organic certification in Europe is subject to the new Council Regulation (EC) No 834/2007 of 28 June 2007. This regulation specifically excludes so-called mass catering operations. It is up to EU member states to apply national rules or private standards insofar as these comply with community law. The paper presents the state of the art and upcoming changes of organic certification of out-of-home catering in Germany with regard to Norway, Finland, Denmark, and Italy

Is there any certification of public organic procurement in iPOPY countries?

On 24 June 1991, the Council of the European Union adopted Regulation (EEC) No 2092/91 on organic production of agricultural products and indications referring thereto on agricultural products and foodstuffs. As well as defining the required method of production of crops and livestock they also regulate labelling, processing, marketing, import and inspection. The research project iPOPY compares and analyses procedures for certification of food-serving outlets within its participating countries (Norway, Denmark, Finland and Italy) using Germany as a reference. While Denmark chooses government agencies to carry out the inspection and certification, Italy, Finland, Norway and Germany choose a state-supervised private system. With the exception of Italy all have a national organic label. Currently only Germany has publicly adopted a standard organic certification programme for the out of home sector. Of the countries analysed, Norway has the most similar system, whereas Denmark and Finland offer operators defined categories of organic use. Though Italy leads in organic use in schools there appears to be no national or other verification system in operation

The Montana Dead Man Statute

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Delayed kinetics of poliovirus RNA synthesis in a human cell line with reduced levels of hnRNP C proteins.

The hnRNP C heterotetramer [(C1(3))C2] binds RNA polymerase II transcripts in the nucleus, along with other proteins of the core hnRNP complex, and plays an important role in mRNA biogenesis and transport. Infection of HeLa cells with poliovirus causes hnRNP C to re-localize from the nucleus, where it is normally retained during interphase, to the cytoplasm. We have proposed that in the cytoplasm, the protein isoforms of hnRNP C participate in the recognition of viral specific RNAs by the poliovirus replication proteins and/or in the assembly of membrane-bound RNA replication complexes. In SK-OV-3 cells, which express reduced levels of hnRNP C compared to HeLa cells or 293 cells, the kinetics of poliovirus replication are delayed. hnRNP C is also re-localized from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in SK-OV-3 cells infected with poliovirus. Increased expression of hnRNP C in SK-OV-3 cells by transient transfection increases the rate of virus production and overall yield over that seen in mock-transfected cells. We propose that hnRNP C interacts with poliovirus RNA and replication proteins to increase the efficiency of viral genomic RNA synthesis

Emergent digital services in public libraries : a domain study

Purpose: This paper explores the emergence of digital services in the public library domain via an extensive study of the websites of all Scottish public library services Design/methodology/approach: In a 4 month period all 32 of Scotland’s public library authority websites were visited by a researcher. The goal of the researcher was to record the options available from the library homepages in the following way: •Role of library in providing page content: content provider or access provider? •Was the page providing a digital service? •What was the audience for the page? Adult, child, or not specified? •Description of page content •Any noted usability issues Each site was only visited to three levels below that of the initial homepage. Findings: The study found a good standard of innovation in digital services around LMS functions, offering users the ability to keep in control of their borrowing and reserving. In addition there was a consistent set of electronic reference resources subscribed to by multiple libraries, offering high quality information both within the library and for library members from their home or workplace. Problems were found with regards to guidance on the usage of these resources, as well as confusion and inconsistency in terminology usage across different library services. Research limitations/implications: The paper examines only Scottish public library sites, thus can only claim to be representative of that country. It also can only represent the sites at the time they were examined. Practical implications: The paper should be of interest to public and other librarians interested in patterns across web sites in their sector. Originality/value: This is the first national study of Scottish public library websites and its findings should be of value as a result

Assumption of Risk: Application of the Doctrine in Montana

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