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Trade, Diffusion and the Gains from Openness
Building on Eaton and Kortum's (2002) model of Ricardian trade, Alvarez and Lucas (2005) calculate that a small country representing 1% of the world's GDP experiences a gain of 41% as it goes from autarky to frictionless trade with the rest of the world. But the gains from openness, which includes not only trade but all the other ways through which countries interact, are arguably much higher than the gains from trade. This paper presents and then calibrates a model where countries interact through trade as well as diffusion of ideas, and then quantifies the overall gains from openness and the role of trade in generating these gains. Having the model match the trade data (i.e., the gravity equation) and the observed growth rate is critical for this quantification to be reasonable. The main result of the paper is that, compared to the model without diffusion, the gains from openness are much larger (206%-240%) and the gains from trade are smaller (13%-24%) when diffusion is included in the model. This last result is a consequence of a novel feature of the model, namely that trade and diffusion are substitutes, implying that trade generates smaller gains when diffusion is present.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOFTWARE PROTECTION AND PIRACY: EVIDENCE FROM EUROPE
piracy, enforcement, panel data, copyright
The Vector Curvaton
We analyze a massive vector field with a non-canonical kinetic term in the
action, minimally coupled to gravity, where the mass and kinetic function of
the vector field vary as functions of time during inflation. The vector field
is introduced following the same idea of a scalar curvaton, which must not
affect the inflationary dynamics since its energy density during inflation is
negligible compared to the total energy density in the Universe. Using this
hypothesis, the vector curvaton will be solely responsible for generating the
primordial curvature perturbation \zeta. We have found that the spectra of the
vector field perturbations are scale-invariant in superhorizon scales due to
the suitable choice of the time dependence of the kinetic function and the
effective mass during inflation. The preferred direction, generated by the
vector field, makes the spectrum of \zeta depend on the wavevector, i.e. there
exists statistical anisotropy in \zeta. This is discussed principally in the
case where the mass of the vector field increases with time during inflation,
where it is possible to find a heavy field (M >> H) at the end of inflation,
making the particle production be practically isotropic; thus, the longitudinal
and transverse spectra are nearly the same order which in turn causes that the
statistical anisotropy generated by the vector field is within the
observational bounds.Comment: LaTex file in Aipproc style, 6 pages, no figures. Prepared for the
conference proceedings of the IX Mexican School of the DGFM-SMF: Cosmology
for the XXIst Century. This work is entirely based on Refs. [23-26] and is
the result of Andres A. Navarro's MSc thesi
Project based learning on industrial informatics: applying IoT to urban garden
Copyright (c) 2018 IEEEThe fast evolution of technologies forces teachers to
trade content off for self-learning. PBL is one of the best ways
to promote self-learning and simultaneously boost motivation. In
this paper, we present our experience introducing project-based
learning in the last year subject. New Internet of Things (IoT) topic
allows us to carry out complete projects, integrating different
technologies and tools. Moreover, the selection of open-source and
standard free technologies makes easy and cheap the access to
hardware and software platforms used. We carefully have picked
communication, data management, and programming tools that
we think would be attractive to our students. They can start
making fast prototyping with little initial skills and, at the same
time, these are serious and popular tools widely used in the
industry. In this paper, we report on the design of a project-based
learning for our course and the impact this has on the
student satisfaction and motivation. Surveys taught us that tuning
the courses towards developing real projects on the field, has a
large impact on acceptance, learning objectives achievements and
motivation towards the course content.”I Plan Propio Integral de Docencia de la Universidad de Málaga” y Proyecto de Innovación Educativa PIE17/085, de la Universidad de Málaga. Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech
Education and Income Inequality in the Regions of the European Union
The paper provides an empirical study of the determinants of income inequality across regions of the EU. Using the European Community Household Panel data set for 102 regions over the period 1995-2000, it analyses how microeconomic changes in human capital distribution affect income inequality. Human capital distribution is measured in terms of both human capital stock, as well as human capital inequality. Income and human capital inequalities are calculated by a generalised entropy index (Theil index). Different static and dynamic panel data analyses are conducted in order to reduce measurement error on inequalities and minimise potential problems of omitted-variable bias. The regression results suggest that, in the short term, human capital inequality is negatively associated to the average regional income and the average level of education of the population. The results also highlight that a highly unequal distribution of education level completed is associated to lower, rather than to higher inequality, highlighting the effectiveness of the European social system or, from a different perspective, the lack of responsiveness of EU labour market to differences in qualifications and skills. Additionally, high unemployment is associated with higher income inequality, while urbanisation has the opposite effect.
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