Dental Treatment under General Anesthesia in Healthy and Medically Compromised/Developmentally Disabled Children: A Comparative Study

Aim: To compare the type, number of procedures and working time of dental treatment provided under dental general anesthesia (DGA) in healthy and medically compromised/developmentally disabled children (MCDD children). Design: This cross-sectional prospective study involved 80 children divided into two groups of 40 children each. Group 1 consisted of healthy and Group 2 consisted of MCDD children. Results: Healthy children needed more working time than MCDD children, the means being 161±7.9 and 84±5.7 minutes, respectively (P= 0.0001). Operative dentistry and endodontic treatments showed a significant statistical difference (P= 0.0001). The means of procedures were 17±5.0 for healthy children and 11±4.8 for MCDD children (P= 0.0001). Conclusions: Healthy children needed more extensive dental treatment than MCDD children under DGA. The information from this sample of Mexican children could be used as reference for determining trends both within a facility as well as in comparing facilities in cross-population studies

Review of agro waste plastic composites production.

This article reviews the literature reports base on agro waste plastic composites using different fiber as fillers and reinforcements. Various processing methods and conditions; compression molding process, injection molding, and extrusion method are used in the composites productions. Characterization challenges associated with the agro waste plastic composites productions were also examined. Thus, the findings of this research review can be use as a data base for further inquiring into the agro waste plastic composites in a view to enhance the development of the sector

Genome-Wide Analysis of the Response of Dickeya dadantii 3937 to Plant Antimicrobial Peptides

Antimicrobial peptides constitute an important factor in the defense of plants against pathogens, and bacterial resistance to these peptides have previously been shown to be an important virulence factor in Dickeya dadantii, the causal agent of soft-rot disease of vegetables. In order to understand the bacterial response to antimicrobial pep- tides, a transcriptional microarray analysis was performed upon treatment with sub-lethal concentration of thionins, a widespread plant peptide. In all, 36 genes were found to be overexpressed, and were classified according to their deduced function as i) transcriptional regulators, ii) transport, and iii) modification of the bacterial membrane. One gene encoding a uricase was found to be repressed. The majority of these genes are known to be under the control of the PhoP/PhoQ system. Five genes representing the different functions induced were selected for further analysis. The results obtained indicate that the presence of antimicrobial peptides induces a complex response which includes peptide-specific elements and general stress-response elements contributing differentially to the virulence in different hosts

Current Status of the Insecticide Resistance in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) from Mexico

The mosquito Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) is the primary vector of dengue in Mexico and lately virus Chikungunya, although Aedes albopictus is widely distributed; its role in both diseases’ transmission has not been confirmed. The control of mosquitoes in Mexico includes source reduction consisting in the elimination of containers that are favorable sites for oviposition and development of the aquatic stage. The use of insecticides is to control larvae and adulticides as outdoor ultra-low volume applications and indoor residual spray and more recently impregnated materials. The health department regulates the use of insecticides, and such regulations are revised and adapted over time. Since 1999, the vector control regulations gave preference to the use of pyrethroids, a permethrin-based formulation to control adult forms. This insecticide was used as the only adulticide in Mexico for more than 10 years. The consequences of this actions have evolved in a widespread and strong resistance to other insecticides, mainly pyrethroids. We include in this revision evidence of resistance reported in Ae. aegypti in Mexico

Exploring new roles for the rpoS gene in the survival and virulence of the fire blight pathogen Erwinia amylovora

Erwinia amylovora causes fire blight in economically important plants of the family Rosaceae. This bacterial pathogen spends part of its life cycle coping with starvation and other fluctuating environmental conditions. In many Gram-negative bacteria, starvation and other stress responses are regulated by the sigma factor RpoS. We obtained an E. amylovora rpoS mutant to explore the role of this gene in starvation responses and its potential implication in other processes not yet studied in this pathogen. Results showed that E. amylovora needs rpoS to develop normal starvation survival and viable but nonculturable (VBNC) responses. Furthermore, this gene contributed to stationary phase cross-protection against oxidative, osmotic, and acid stresses and was essential for cross-protection against heat shock, but nonessential against acid shock. RpoS also mediated regulation of motility, exopolysaccharide synthesis, and virulence in immature loquats, but not in pear plantlets, and contributed to E. amylovora survival in nonhost tissues during incompatible interactions. Our results reveal some unique roles for the rpoS gene in E. amylovora and provide new knowledge on the regulation of different processes related to its ecology, including survival in different environments and virulence in immature fruits

Light regulates motility, attachment and virulence in the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000.

Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000 (Pto) is the causal agent of the bacterial speck of tomato, which leads to significant economic losses in this crop. Pto inhabits the tomato phyllosphere, where the pathogen is highly exposed to light, among other environmental factors. Light represents a stressful condition and acts as a source of information associated with different plant defence levels. Here, we analysed the presence of both blue and red light photoreceptors in a group of Pseudomonas. In addition, we studied the effect of white, blue and red light on Pto features related to epiphytic fitness. While white and blue light inhibit motility, bacterial attachment to plant leaves is promoted. Moreover, these phenotypes are altered in a blue-light receptor mutant. These light-controlled changes during the epiphytic stage cause a reduction in virulence, highlighting the relevance of motility during the entry process to the plant apoplast. This study demonstrated the key role of light perception in the Pto phenotype switching and its effect on virulence

Caracterización experimental y numérica de eventos de crecida extraordinarios en la cuenca del río carcarañá, Argentina

La cuenca del Río Carcarañá (subcuenca de la Cuenca del Plata), es un importante sistema fluvial ubicado en la regióncentral de la República Argentina, que posee un área de más de 50.000 km2. La cuenca se extiende sobre el centrosudeste de la provincia de Córdoba y el sur de la provincia de Santa Fe, siendo esta región unos de los sitios agrícolasmás productivos del país y del mundo. El río Carcarañá posee tres importantes tributarios: (a) río Tercero o Ctalamochita,(b) río Saladillo y (c) arroyo Tortugas. Dichos tributarios contribuyen al escurrimiento total del río Carcarañá, con una granvariabilidad estacional de caudales. En los años 2014 y 2015 se registraron en la cuenca importantes crecidas que provocaron la inundación de numerosas ciudades y campos en el sudeste de la provincia de Córdoba y sur de la provincia deSanta Fe (más de un millón de hectáreas inundadas). Frente a esta problemática fue necesario generar un conocimientomás detallado del comportamiento de la cuenca frente a eventos de crecida, para brindar a los organismos de gestión lainformación necesaria para la toma de decisiones. Es por ello que el objetivo del presente trabajo es caracterizar, de formaexperimental y numérica, el escurrimiento superficial de este sistema fluvial para los eventos de crecida de los años 2014y 2015, con el fin de desarrollar herramientas que permitan a las autoridades de gestión tomar las medidas necesariaspara mitigar los efectos de este tipo de eventos extraordinarios. Para cumplir con esto se realizó la cuantificación de caudales en diferentes puntos de la cuenca (que incluyó la evaluación del funcionamiento de los órganos de descarga de lapresa de Embalse de Río Tercero), mediante el uso de un ADCP diseñado para aguas poco profundas. Con la informaciónobtenida, se determinaron los parámetros hidráulicos del flujo y se realizó el ajuste de curvas Altura-Caudal para nuevesecciones en toda la cuenca y se analizó la evolución de los hidrogramas en diferentes secciones en donde se reflejacómo impacta la operación de los órganos de evacuación del embalse en los caudales escurridos. Finalmente, utilizandola información obtenida de las mediciones de campo se implementaron y calibraron dos modelos hidráulicos unidimensionales del escurrimiento en el cauce del río Tercero en las localidades de Bell Ville y Villa María (ubicadas en la provinciade Córdoba-Argentina). Los resultados obtenidos fueron utilizados en el período 2015/2016 por los organismos de gestiónpara determinar medidas estructurales y no estructurales a implementar.Carcarañá River basin (a sub-basin of La Plata River basin), is an important fluvial system in the central region of Argentina with area of over 50.000km2 . The basin extends over the center-south-east region of the Santa Fe province and center of Cordoba province in one of the most productive agricultural sites of both, the country and the world. The Carcarañá River has three major tributaries: (a) Tercero (Ctalamochita) River, (b) Saladillo River and (c) Tortugas Creek. These tributaries contribute in a different way to the discharge of Carcarañá River with a great seasonal variability of the flows. Major flooding have occurred in the basin in 2014 and 2015 and caused important damages in many towns and farmlands in the southeast region of the Córdoba province and south of Santa Fe province, and about one million of hectares were flooded. Flooding management requires a detailed characterization of the behavior of the fluvial system during flood events. Thus, the objective of this work is to characterize experimentally and numerically the surface flows in the basin for 2014 and 2015 floods events. To achieve this objective, a quantification of flow discharge was performed in different tributaries of the basin (including the quantification of effluent flow discharge of the Río Tercero Dam valves) using an ADCP YSI/SonTek RiverSurveyor S5 designed for shallow waters. The information obtained from field measurements was used to calibrate one-dimensional hydraulic models for two Tercero River reaches at Bell Ville and Villa Maria cities (located in the province of Córdoba, Argentina). In addition rating curves for nine river cross sections were calibrated for different tributaries in the basin. Using this information, the evolutions of the hydrographs in different cross sections were analyzed; thus it has been possible to evaluate how the early reservoir operation of the dams in the upstream basin impacts on the observed flow. The results obtained in this work were used by the government agencies for flood management regulating outflow from the dam and designing the infrastructure for flood mitigation, etcFil: Díaz Lozada, José Manuel. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Centro de Estudios Tecnológicos Sobre el Agua; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Garcia Rodriguez, Carlos Marcelo. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Centro de Estudios Tecnológicos Sobre el Agua; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Estudios Avanzados en Ingeniería y Tecnología. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Estudios Avanzados en Ingeniería y Tecnología; ArgentinaFil: Herrero, Horacio Sebastian Julian. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Centro de Estudios Tecnológicos Sobre el Agua; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Heredia Ligorria, Ana Inés. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Centro de Estudios Tecnológicos Sobre el Agua; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Estudios Avanzados en Ingeniería y Tecnología. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Estudios Avanzados en Ingeniería y Tecnología; ArgentinaFil: Lopez, Fabian. Ministerio de Agua, Ambiente y Servicios Públicos. - Gobierno de la Provincia de Cordoba. Ministerio de Agua, Ambiente y Servicios Publicos.; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Castelló, Edgar. Ministerio de Agua, Ambiente y Servicios Públicos. - Gobierno de la Provincia de Cordoba. Ministerio de Agua, Ambiente y Servicios Publicos.; ArgentinaFil: Brarda, Juan Pablo. Ministerio de Agua, Ambiente y Servicios Públicos. - Gobierno de la Provincia de Cordoba. Ministerio de Agua, Ambiente y Servicios Publicos.; Argentin

Ulmus laevis in the Iberian Peninsula: a review of its ecology and conservation

European white elm (Ulmus laevis Pallas) populations are scarce, small and fragmented in the Iberian Peninsula. Due to these characteristics the indigenous status of the species in the region has been questioned, whilst the species? role in Iberian riparian forest ecology has been neglected. Herein we review past studies regarding this species? distribution and ecology in the Iberian Peninsula, with special emphasis on the establishment of conservation priorities. We first present a collection of palaeogeographic, historic and genetic data suggesting that the Iberian Peninsula was a glacial refuge for U. laevis. Secondly, we analyse U. laevis distribution in relation to soil physico- chemical properties and water availability in Spain. Following this, we focus on the reproductive biology of the species, and investigate the effect of masting and empty seed production on predation and regeneration establishment. Finally, based on this knowledge, we propose conservation policies for U. laevis in the Iberian Peninsula

Age and APOE genotype affect the relationship between objectively measured physical activity and power in the alpha band, a marker of brain disease

BACKGROUND: Electrophysiological studies show that reductions in power within the alpha band are associated with the Alzheimer\u27s disease (AD) continuum. Physical activity (PA) is a protective factor that has proved to reduce AD risk and pathological brain burden. Previous research has confirmed that exercise increases power in the alpha range. However, little is known regarding whether other non-modifiable risk factors for AD, such as increased age or APOE ε4 carriage, alter the association between PA and power in the alpha band. METHODS: The relationship between PA and alpha band power was examined in a sample of 113 healthy adults using magnetoencephalography. Additionally, we explored whether ε4 carriage and age modulate this association. The correlations between alpha power and gray matter volumes and cognition were also investigated. RESULTS: We detected a parieto-occipital cluster in which PA positively correlated with alpha power. The association between PA and alpha power remained following stratification of the cohort by genotype. Younger and older adults were investigated separately, and only younger adults exhibited a positive relationship between PA and alpha power. Interestingly, when four groups were created based on age (younger-older adult) and APOE (E3/E3-E3/E4), only younger E3/E3 (least predicted risk) and older E3/E4 (greatest predicted risk) had associations between greater alpha power and higher PA. Among older E3/E4, greater alpha power in these regions was associated with improved memory and preserved brain structure. CONCLUSION: PA could protect against the slowing of brain activity that characterizes the AD continuum, where it is of benefit for all individuals, especially E3/E4 older adults