Total lipids, fatty acid composition, total cholesterol and lipid-soluble antioxidant vitamins in the longissimus lumborum muscle of water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) from different production systems of the Brazilian Eastern Amazon

Research Areas: Agriculture ; Veterinary Sciences ; ZoologyThe aim of this study was to analyze the influence of distinct production systems and seasonal variation in the Brazilian Eastern Amazon on the meat lipid composition of water buffaloes. Water buffaloes were reared in commercial farms in the Eastern Amazon either in extensive systems (Marajó Island, Nova Timboteua and Santarém locations), during rainy or dry seasons, or intensive (feedlot) systems. Animals reared in extensive systems were fed natural pastures, and those reared in feedlots were fed sorghum silage and commercial pellets. Buffaloes were slaughtered and ribeye muscle (longissimus lumborum) samples collected. Lipid-soluble antioxidant vitamins and fatty acids were analyzed. The nutritional value of meat from buffaloes reared in Marajó Island extensive system during the rainy season was higher than that of other systems, as it had lower levels of cholesterol and higher amounts of α-tocopherol associated with higher hypocholesterolaemic/hypercholesterolaemic ratio and lower index of atherogenic. Also, this meat had lower percentages of saturated fatty acids and higher proportions of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly n-3 PUFA, with increased PUFA/saturated fatty acids ratio and decreased n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio. However, all extensive systems produced meat with a relatively low index of thrombogenicity values, which is advantageous for human healthinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Desempenho de ovinos em confinamento recebendo dietas com torta de cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum schum., sterculiaceae)

Esse estudo avaliou o efeito da inclusão da torta de cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum Schum.) na alimentação de ovinos em confinamento. Foram avaliados o consumo (em kg dia-1, % PV e kg PV-0, 75), ganho de peso, conversão alimentar, medidas morfométricas da carcaça, características de carcaça, comportamento ingestivo e qualidade da carne. Foram utilizados vinte e cinco ovinos castrados, sem raça definida (SRD), com peso médio vivo inicial de 17,4 (±1,90) kg, mantidos em confinamento até que atingissem 35 kg de peso vivo (PV). As dietas experimentais eram compostas por 26 % de silagem de capim-elefante (Pennisetum purpureum, Schum) e 74 % de concentrado, composto de milho moído, farelo de soja, farelo de trigo, calcário calcítico e torta de cupuaçu, e consistiram na substituição do milho e do farelo de trigo pela torta de cupuaçu nos níveis 0 (controle), 7,4, 14,8, 22,2 e 29,6 % da matéria seca total. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos e cinco repetições.  A substituição dos alimentos padrões pela torta de cupuaçu não influenciaram (P>0,05) nas variáveis avaliadas, indicando que a torta pode ser utilizada em dietas para ovinos em confinamento em até 30 % da matéria seca total, sem comprometer consumo, características da carcaça e qualidade da carne

Methane emission, intake, digestibility, performance and blood metabolites in sheep supplemented with cupuassu and tucuma cake in the eastern Amazon

The use of co-products as a feed supplement for ruminants makes livestock sustainable and optimizes the use of available areas and animal performance. Furthermore, when cakes are used, the residual fat composition can influence ruminal metabolism and methane (CH4) production. This study aimed to assess the effects of a diet containing cupuassu (CUP; Theobroma grandiflorum) and tucuma (TUC; Astrocaryum vulgare Mart.) cakes on intake, digestibility, serum metabolites, performance, and CH4 emissions in confined sheep in the Amazon. Approximately 28 animals, Dorper-Santa Inês, castrated, with an average initial live weight (ILW) of 35 ± 2.3 kg, were distributed in metabolic cages, in a completely randomized design, with four treatments and seven replications: (1) Control (C40), without the addition of Amazonian cake and with 40 g of ether extract (EE)/kg of dietary dry matter (DM); (2) CUP, the inclusion of the CUP cake and 70 g of EE/kg; (3) TUC, the inclusion of the TUC cake and 70 g of EE/kg; and (4) Control (C80), without the addition of Amazonian cake and with 80 g of EE/kg of dietary DM, with roughage to concentrate ratio of 40:60. The use of the TUC cake as a feed supplement reduced the intake of DM, crude protein (CP), and EE compared to the inclusion of the CUP cake (p < 0.05); however, it increased the intake of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) by 32% (p < 0.01). The highest averages of DM (732 g/kg) and CP (743 g/kg) digestibility were presented in C40, while the highest digestibility of NDF was presented in TUC (590 g/kg). Albumin levels stayed above and protein levels were below the reference values, and the C40 diet also obtained below results for cholesterol, triglycerides and High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) (P < 0.05). Sheep fed CUP (91 g) and TUC (45 g) had lower daily weight gains (DWGs) than those fed with diets without the inclusion of cakes (C40 = 119 g; C80 = 148 g), and feed efficiency (FE) was also lower in CUP (84) and TUC (60) diets than in C40 (119) and C80 (137) diets. CH4 emissions were lower in animals fed TUC (26 L/day) and higher in C40 (35 L/day); however, TUC resulted in higher CH4 emissions in grams/body live weight (BW) gain/day (353 g/BW/day) vs. 183 g/BW/day (C40), 157 g/BW/day (C80), and 221 g/BW/day (CUP). The supplementation with cakes did not improve intake, digestibility and performance, did not compromise blood metabolites and did not reduce the enteric CH4 emission in confined sheep in the Amazon; however, the use of CUP cake showed similar results to the control treatments and did not increase CH4 emissions, as occurred with the inclusion of TUC cake

Mineral Content of Liver of Buffaloes (<i>Bubalus bubalis</i>) Reared in Different Ecosystems in the Eastern Amazon

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of different production ecosystems, three in native and cultivated pastures (extensive), at two seasons of the year (dry and rainy), and one in confinement (intensive) in the Eastern Amazon, on the mineral content of buffalo liver raised on these ecosystems. Twelve male buffalo (n = 12), aged between 24 and 36 months, slaughtered in commercial slaughterhouses, were used in each of the ecosystems considered: Marajó; Lower Amazon; Cultivated Pasture, and in confinement system, Pará, Brazil. Approximately 5 g of liver was collected, stored and frozen until lyophilization. Samples were analyzed for mineral content based on inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICPOES) readings. The relationship between extensive ecosystems and an intensive production system (p p < 0.05) the mineral values found in the liver of buffaloes raised in the ecosystems, for sodium (Na), K, calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn) and barium (Ba). The period of the year interacted with the values of Na, K, S and Cu; however, an interaction of local vs. period of the yer was observed for the values of K, Mg, P, S and Cu. It can be concluded that the buffalo liver is an excellent source of minerals and can be included in the human diet and that the ecosystem the animals are raised influences its content

Consumo, digestibilidade e balanço de nitrogênio de rações contendo diferentes níveis de torta de cupuaçu em ovinos

Twenty neutered male sheep were subjected to 26 days of a metabolic assay at Embrapa Eastern Amazon in Belém, PA, Brazil (01°26’02”S and 48°26’21”W; altitude 8 m). The trial followed a completely randomized design, with five treatments and four repetitions. Treatment A (control) consisted of a diet containing 100% grass. The diet in treatment B contained 10% CM and 90% grass; that in treatment C contained 20% CM and 80% grass; that in treatment D contained 40% CM and 60% grass; and that in treatment E contained 60% CM and 40% grass. Intake of experimental diet and apparent digestibility coefficient of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), ethereal extract (EE), cellulose (CEL), hemicellulose (HEM), and nitrogen balance (NB) were assessed. Results showed that the level of CM replacement significantly affected intake of mineral matter (IMM), crude protein (ICP), ethereal extract (IEE), and cellulose (ICEL), with the highest (P < 0.05) values of IMM, ICP, and IEE being observed for feed in which 60% of grass was replaced by CM, indicating that the acceptance of the experimental diet was good. ICEL decreased as levels of CM replacement increased. At 40% replacement, the apparent DM digestibility coefficient was the lowest (41.54%) and did not statistically differ from diets with 60% (45.74%) and 20% (54.19%) CM replacement. The lowest values for the apparent digestibility coefficients of OM, CP, NDF, and ADF were observed when grass was replaced with 40% and 60% CM. For diets with up to 20% replacement of Mombaça grass by CM, the apparent digestibility coefficients of DM, OM, NDF, and ADF were the highest and did not significantly differ from those of the control treatment. Nitrogen excretion in feces differed significantly; the lowest values were found with 0%, 10%, and 20% CM replacement. Use of CM represents an alternative method of dietary supplementation for ruminants and is a good source of protein and energy, since replacing Mombaça grass with increasing levels of CM led to an increase in the voluntary feed intake by ovines.Realizou-se ensaio metabólico, com 20 ovinos machos, castrados, na Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Belém, Pará (1º28? S 48º27? W), durante 26 dias. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado, em cinco tratamentos e quatros repetições. Tratamento A (Controle): 100% de gramínea; Tratamento B: 10% de TC e 90% de gramínea; Tratamento C: 20% de TC e 80% de gramínea; Tratamento D: 40% de TC e 60% de gramínea; e Tratamento E: 60% de TC e 40% de gramínea. Foram avaliados consumo e coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), extrato etéreo (EE), celulose (CEL), hemicelulose (HEM) e balanço de nitrogênio (BN) das dietas experimentais. Os níveis de substituição de gramínea por TC promoveram diferenças significativas nos consumos de matéria mineral (CMM), proteína bruta (CPB), extrato etéreo (CEE) e celulose (CCEL), sendo que, com 60% de substituição da gramínea por TC, os valores de CMM, CPB e CEE foram mais elevados (P<0,05), indicando que a dieta experimental teve boa aceitabilidade. Houve decréscimo nos CCEL em função do aumento dos níveis de substituição de TC. No nível de 40% de substituição da gramínea Mombaça por TC, houve menor coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente da MS (41,54%), que não diferenciou de 60% (45,74) e de 20% (54,19). Foi observado em 40% e 60% de substituição da gramínea por TC, os menores valores de coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente da MO, PB, FDN e FDA. Até 20% de substituição da gramínea Mombaça por TC, o coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente da MS, MO, FDN e FDA foram mais elevados, não se diferenciando significativamente do tratamento controle (0%). Ocorreu efeito significativo para a variável excreção de N das fezes, com menor excreção de N,nos níveis de 0, 10 e 20% de substituição de gramínea. A TC constitui alternativa para suplementação alimentar de ruminantes, pois os níveis crescentes do subproduto do cupuaçu, em substituição da gramínea Mombaça, proporcionam aumento no consumo voluntário por ovinos