Xylanase Recovery Using Continuous Extraction With Reversed Micelles-a Statistical Approach

Xylanase recovery from Penicillium janthinellum with a reversed micellar system consisting of a cationic surfactant using a continuous process was evaluated. A statistical approach applied to the results showed the highest xylanase recovery (43.5%), which was indicated by the model and was attained at an ionic strength of 10 mS/cm and a volumetric flow at 0.5 ml/min.352205207Bailey, M.J., Biely, P., Pountanen, K., Inter-laboratory testing of methods for assay of xylanase activity (1992) J. Biotechnol, 23, pp. 257-270Carneiro-da-Cunha, M.G., Aires-Barros, M.R., Cabral, J.M.S., Tambourgi, E.B., Recovery of a recombinant cutinase with reversed micelles in a continuous perforated rotating disc contactor (1994) Biotechnol. Tech, 8, pp. 413-418Carneiro-da-Cunha, M.G., Aires-Barros, M.R., Cabral, J.M.S., Tambourgi, E.B., Continuous extraction of a recombinant cutinase from Escherichia coli disrupted cells with reversed micelles using a perforated rotating disc contractor (1996) Bioproc. Eng, 15, pp. 253-256Dekker, M., Hilhorst, R., Laane, C., Isolating enzymes by reversed micelles (1989) Anal. Biochem, 178, pp. 217-226Han, D.H., Lee, S.Y., Homg, W.H., Separation of intracellular proteins from Candida utilis using reverse micelles in a spray column (1994) Biotechnol. Tech, 8, pp. 105-110Milagres, A.M.F., Lacis, L.S., Prade, R.A., Characterization of xylanase production by a local isolate of Penicillium janthinellum (1993) Enz. Microb. Technol, 15, pp. 248-253Miller, G.L., Use of dinitrosalicylic acid reagent for determination of reducing sugar (1959) Anal. Chem, 31, pp. 426-428Pessoa A., Jr., Vitolo, M., Separation of inulinase from kluyveromyces marxianus using reversed micellar extraction (1997) Biotechnol. Tech, 11, pp. 421-422Rodrigues, E.M.G., Milagres, A.M.F., Pessoa A., Jr., Xylanase recovery: Effect of extraction conditions on the AOT-reversed micellar systems using experimental design (1999) Proc. Biochem, 34, pp. 121-12

Consideration of the impacts of a smart neighborhood load on transformer aging

Smart grid solutions with enabling technologies such as energy management systems (EMSs) and smart meters promote the vision of smart households, which also allows for active demand side in the residential sector. These technologies enable the control of residential consumption, local small-scale generation, and energy storage systems to respond to time-varying prices. However, shifting loads simultaneously to lower price periods is likely to put extra stress on distribution system assets such as distribution transformers. Especially, additional new types of loads/appliances such as electric vehicles (EVs) can introduce even more burden on the operation of these assets, which is an issue that needs special attention. Such extra stress can cause accelerated aging of distribution system assets and significantly affect the reliability of the system. In this paper, the impact of a smart neighborhood load on distribution transformer aging is investigated. The EMS of each household is designed to respond to prices and other signals emitted by the responsive load serving entity within the relevant demand response strategy. An optimization framework based on mixed-integer linear programming is presented in order to define the EMS structure. Then, the equivalent aging of the distribution transformer is examined with a thermal model under different scenarios. The case studies that are presented indicate that the integration of EVs in residential premises may indeed cause accelerated aging of the distribution transformers, while the need to investigate the efficiency of dynamic pricing mechanisms is rendered evident

Inoculação microbiana da alfafa para silagem sobre a digestibilidade total e ruminal em bovinos Microbial inoculation of alfalfa for silage on ruminal and total digestibility in bovines

Doze vacas (640 kg de PV) não-gestantes e não-lactantes foram distribuídas em um delineamento em blocos, em que os tratamentos corresponderam à silagem pré-secada de alfafa (60,0% de MS e 19,5% de PB) controle ou inoculada com o produto Silobac® (Lactobacillus plantarum e Pediococcus pentosaceus), com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da inoculação microbiana da silagem de alfafa sobre a digestibilidade total e ruminal em bovinos. A dieta experimental continha 50% de silagem de alfafa e 50% de concentrados, com base na matéria seca. O experimento teve duração total de 21 dias, sendo os dez últimos destinados à administração do marcador óxido crômio e os cinco últimos destinados à coleta de fezes e incubação dos sacos de náilon. A inoculação da silagem de alfafa não alterou a digestibilidade total da MS (inoculada = 70,0% vs. controle = 71,2%), PB (72,3% vs. 73,0%), EE (77,0% vs. 76,8%), FDN (61,2% vs. 55,9%), FDA (66,8% vs. 61,8%), EB (72,5% vs. 73,7%) ou NDT (70,6% vs. 71,8%) da dieta. Também não alterou o consumo de MS digestível (12,2 vs. 11,4 kg/animal/dia ou 1,7% vs. 1,8% do PV) ou o consumo de NDT (12,4 vs. 11,4 kg/animal/dia ou 1,8% vs. 1,8% do PV). Entretanto, a inoculação diminuiu a degradabilidade efetiva da MS da silagem de alfafa para taxas de passagem de 2%/h (61,2% vs. 65,1%), 5%/h (54,1% vs. 58,6%) e 8%/h (50,0% vs. 54,4%), bem como reduziu a degradabilidade efetiva da PB da Alfafa para taxas de passagem de 2%/h (84,8% vs. 86,8%) e 5%/h (79,9% vs. 82,5%).<br>Twelve non pregnant dry cows (640 kg LW) were assigned to a randomized block design, provided that the treatments were alfalfa haylage (60.0% DM and 19.5% CP) control or inoculated with Silobac® product (Lactobacillus plantarum and Pediococcus pentosaceus), with the objective to evaluate the effects of microbial inoculation of alfalfa silage on ruminal and total digestibility in bovines. Experimental diet was composing by 50% of alfalfa silage and 50% of concentrate as dry matter basis. The experimental period had duration of 21 days, the last ten was used for chromic oxide addition and the last five was used for feces sampling and nylon bags incubation. Inoculation of Alfalfa silage did not influence the total digestibility of DM (inoculated = 70.0% vs. control = 71.2%), CP (72.3% vs. 73.0%), EE (77.0% vs. 76.8%), NDF (61.2% vs. 55.9%), ADF (66.8% vs. 61.8%), GE (72.5% vs. 73.7%) or TDN (70.6% vs. 71.8%) of diet. Also, did not influence digestible DM intake (12.2 vs. 11.4 kg/anim./day or 1.7% vs. 1.8% LW) or TDN intake (12.4 vs. 11.4 kg/anim./day or 1.8% vs. 1.8% LW). However, inoculation decreased the effective degradability of alfalfa silage DM for passage rate of 2%/h (61.2% vs. 65.1%), 5%/h (54.1% vs. 58.6%) and 8%/h (50.0% vs. 54.4%), and effective degradability of alfalfa silage CP for passage rate of 2%/h (84.8% vs. 86.8%) and 5%/h (79.9% vs. 82.5%)