Synthesis and characterization of polystyrene - layered double hydroxide nanocomposites via in situ polymerization

Orientador: Liliane Maria Ferrareso LonaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia QuimicaResumo: Ao longo da última década, nanocompósitos poliméricos vêm atraindo grande atenção da comunidade científica e industrial. Este fato se deve a notável melhora em inúmeras propriedades que estes novos materiais apresentam com uma pequena quantidade de nano-reforços. Algumas das propriedades melhoradas incluem resistência a permeação de gases e resistência a chama. Neste trabalho foram sintetizados dois tipos de hidróxido duplo lamelar (HDL), tratados com dodecil sulfato de sódio (DS), com o objetivo de incorporá-los ao estireno e sintetizar in situ nanocompósitos de Poliestireno - Hidróxido Duplo Lamelar - Dodecil Sulfato de Sódio (PS-HDL/DS). Os hidróxidos duplos lamelares tratados com dodecil sulfato de sódio (HDL/DS) foram sintetizados pelo método de co-precipitação e os nanocompósitos foram produzidos por polimerização em massa. Estes hidróxidos duplos lamelares tratados com dodecil sulfato de sódio foram caracterizados por teste de inchamento Foster, difração de raios-X (DRX) e espectroscopia no infravermelho por transformada de Fourier (FTIR). Os nanocompósitos foram caracterizados por difração de raios-X (DRX), espectroscopia no infravermelho por transformada de Fourier (FTIR), microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET), análise termogravimétrica (TGA) e teste de inflamabilidade. A partir dos resultados obtidos neste trabalho, verificou-se que os nanocompósitos sintetizados apresentaram uma ótima interação (esfoliação) polímero - hidróxido duplo lamelar. Dentre as propriedades dos dois novos nanocompósitos sintetizados, a resistência à chama (anti-chama), apresentou um ganho significativo quando comparada com o polímero puro, fato que possibilita uma vasta gama de aplicação destes novos materiais em diversos campos da engenhariaAbstract: Over the past decade, polymer nanocomposites have attracted considerable interests in both academia and industry. This fact has connection with notable improvement in several properties these new materials have demonstrated with a small amount of nano-reinforcements. Some superior properties of polymer nanocomposites include barrier resistance and flame retardancy. The aim of this work was to synthesize two kinds of layered double hydroxide (LDH) modified with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Both layered double hydroxides (LDHs) were incorporated into styrene by bulk free radical polymerization in order to produce the nanocomposites polystyrene - layered double hydroxide - sodium dodecyl sulfate (PS - LDH/SDS). The layered double hydroxides modified with sodium dodecyl sulfate (LDH/SDS) were prepared by co-precipitation method and the nanocomposites have been synthesized by bulk free radical polymerization. These layered double hydroxides modified with sodium dodecyl sulfate were characterized by Foster swelling, X - rays diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and the nanocomposites were characterized by X -rays diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and flammability test. These new materials formed in this work showed great interaction polymer -layered double hydroxide (exfoliation) as well as excellent improvements on their properties when compared with pure polymer. The property flame retardancy showed improvements in the two nanocomposites synthesized and in all ratios studied, this behavior induces application of these new materials in many fields of engineeringMestradoDesenvolvimento de Processos QuímicosMestre em Engenharia Químic

Síntese e caracterização de Nanocompósitos Esfoliados de Poliestireno: Hidróxido Duplo Lamelar via polimerização in situ

Nanocompósitos Esfoliados de Poliestireno (PS) e Hidróxido Duplo Lamelar (HDL) composto por zinco, alumínio e dodecil sulfato de sódio, como ânion interlamelar, foram sintetizados via polimerização in situ. O efeito de diferentes composições de HDL (0,5, 1, 3 e 5% em massa) foi avaliado. Os nanocompósitos obtidos foram caracterizados através de ensaios de Difração de Raios X (DRX), Espectroscopia no Infravermelho por Transformada de Fourier (FTIR), Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão (MET) e Análise Termogravimétrica (TGA). Os resultados obtidos através das análises de DRX e MET mostraram que todos os nanocompósitos produzidos apresentaram morfologia esfoliada. Os resultados das TGA, quando se utilizam 50% de perda de peso como ponto para comparação, apresentaram ganhos significativos de estabilidade térmica para todas as composições dos nanocompósitos em comparação ao poliestireno puro. Este comportamento possibilita uma vasta gama de aplicação destes novos materiais em diversos campos da indústria e pesquisa.</jats:p

Estimated impact of maternal vaccination on global paediatric influenza-related in-hospital mortality: A retrospective case series

BACKGROUND: Influenza virus infection is an important cause of under-five mortality. Maternal vaccination protects children younger than 3 months of age from influenza infection. However, it is unknown to what extent paediatric influenza-related mortality may be prevented by a maternal vaccine since global age-stratified mortality data are lacking. METHODS: We invited clinicians and researchers to share clinical and demographic characteristics from children younger than 5 years who died with laboratory-confirmed influenza infection between January 1, 1995 and March 31, 2020. We evaluated the potential impact of maternal vaccination by estimating the number of children younger than 3 months with in-hospital influenza-related death using published global mortality estimates. FINDINGS: We included 314 children from 31 countries. Comorbidities were present in 166 (53%) children and 41 (13%) children were born prematurely. Median age at death was 8·6 (IQR 4·5-16·6), 11·5 (IQR 4·3-24·0), and 15·5 (IQR 7·4-27·0) months for children from low- and lower-middle-income countries (LMICs), upper-middle-income countries (UMICs), and high-income countries (HICs), respectively. The proportion of children younger than 3 months at time of death was 17% in LMICs, 12% in UMICs, and 7% in HICs. We estimated that 3339 annual influenza-related in-hospital deaths occur in the first 3 months of life globally. INTERPRETATION: In our study, less than 20% of children is younger than 3 months at time of influenza-related death. Although maternal influenza vaccination may impact maternal and infant influenza disease burden, additional immunisation strategies are needed to prevent global influenza-related childhood mortality. The missing data, global coverage, and data quality in this study should be taken into consideration for further interpretation of the results. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Synthesis and characterization of poly(styrene) layered materials nanocomposites - layered double hydroxide and layered hydroxide salt - via in situ polimerization

Orientador: Liliane Maria Ferrareso LonaTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia QuímicaResumo: Ao longo da última década, nanocompósitos poliméricos vêm atraindo grande atenção da comunidade científica e industrial. Este fato se deve à notável melhora em inúmeras propriedades destes novos materiais, proporcionado pelo uso de uma pequena quantidade de nanoreforços. Entre as propriedades melhoradas é possível citar com maior destaque as propriedades mecânicas e térmicas. Buscando alcançar melhores propriedades para o poli(estireno) (PS), o objetivo deste trabalho foi o de sintetizar nanocompósitos in situ de PS com hidróxidos duplos lamelares (HDLs) e hidroxissal lamelar (HSL). Para isto, foram sintetizados dois tipos de HDLs e um tipo de HSL, os HDLs foram modificados com ácido láurico, ácido palmítico e uma mistura destes dois ácidos e o HSL foi modificado com ácido palmítico. Os HDLs e HSL sintetizados foram caracterizados por difração de raios x (DRX), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), espectroscopia no infravermelho por transformada de Fourier (FTIR) e análise termogravimétrica (TGA). Os nanocompósitos foram sintetizados in situ por polimerização em massa e foram caracterizados por DRX, FTIR, TGA, calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC), microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET), ensaio de flexão, análise da fratura e teste de flamabilidade. Os resultados obtidos demostram que estes novos nanocompósitos foram sintetizados, apresentando, de uma forma geral, uma boa interação polímero ¿ reforço com morfologia variando da intercalada/esfoliada a esfoliada. A estabilidade térmica e, principalmente, a propriedade mecânica apresentaram ganhos significativos em todos os materiais estudados quando comparadas com o polímero puro, fato que possibilita uma vasta gama de aplicação destes novos materiais em diversos campos da pesquisa e engenhariaAbstract: Over the past decade, polymer nanocomposites have attracted interest, both in the industry and in the academia. They often exhibit remarkable improvement in their properties when compared with neat polymer or conventional micro and macrocomposites using low levels of reinforcements, usually maximum 5% by weight. The improvements mainly include mechanical, thermal, and physical properties. Seeking to achieve better properties for poly(styrene) (PS), the purpose of this work was to in situ synthesize PS with layered double hydroxides (LDHs) and layered hydroxide salt (LHS) nanocomposites. Thus, two types of LDH and a type of LHS was synthesized, the LDHs were modified with lauric acid, palmitic acid and a mixture of both, and LHS was modified with palmitic acid. The LDHs and LHS synthesized were characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The nanocomposites were synthesized by in situ bulk polymerization and were characterized by XRD, FTIR, TGA, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), bend test, fracture analysis and flammability test. The obtained results show that indeed these new nanocomposites were synthesized. These nanocomposites have in general good interaction polymer ¿ reinforcement with morphology varying from intercalated/exfoliated to exfoliated. The thermal stability and mechanical property mainly, showed significant improvement in all materials studied, when compared with the neat polymer, a fact that enables a wide range of application of these new materials in various fields of research and engineeringDoutoradoEngenharia QuímicaDoutor em Engenharia Químic

In Situ Synthesis Of Polystyrene Nanocomposites With Layered Double Hydroxide With An Unusual Anion Arrangement: Morphology And Thermal And Mechanical Properties

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Today, the steady advance of technology and society makes the development of materials with improved properties of paramount importance. In this article, we contribution to this area by presenting an in situ bulk synthesis of polystyrene (PS) nanocomposites with layered double hydroxide (LDH) as a reinforcement. The LDH that we adopted presented an unusual arrangement of anions and had ZnAl cations intercalated with laurate and palmitate anions. The nanocomposites were analyzed by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy to characterize their morphologies. The thermal properties, including the glass-transition temperature and thermal stability, were measured by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis, respectively. The mechanical properties and flexural fracture morphologies were also determined, with a bending test. The results demonstrate that the synthesized nanocomposites showed considerable improvements in their thermal stability and mechanical properties compared with the neat PS. (c) 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 132, 42856.1331Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Preparation And Evaluation Of Polystyrene (ps) - Layered Double Hydroxide (ldh) Znal - Organofunctionalized With Laurate/palmitate Nanocomposites

This work describes the synthesis and characterization of polystyrene (PS) and layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanocomposites formed by ZnAl cations via in situ polymerization. The LDH used in this study was modified with a mixture of two anions: laurate and palmitate. The characterization of structure and morphology for the synthesized nanocomposites was developed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The thermal, mechanical and flammability characterizations properties were carried out via thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), bending test and flammability test, respectively. The results suggest that the nanocomposites have in general intercalated/exfoliated morphology with improvements in thermal and mechanical properties compared to the neat PS. However no significant improvement was observed on the flammability property.25111712

Synthesis and characterization of polystyrene/layered hydroxide salt nanocomposites

Polystyrene/layered hydroxide salt (LHS) modified with sodium dodecyl sulfate was synthesized by in situ polymerization. The materials synthesized were characterized by gravimetry, X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetry analyses (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and the flammability test (FT). XRD demonstrated that synthesized nanocomposites in all compositions studied showed poor global dispersion of LHS in polystyrene. TGA showed a slight decrease in thermal stability. DSC curves showed that the glass transition temperature of polystyrene and nanocomposites were similar. The FT showed that the nanocomposite with low load of LHS exhibited good results.1821Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP