Do close range measurements affect the target strength (TS) of fish in horizontal beaming hydroacoustics?

Detailed fish target strength (TS) studies allow us to relate their physical and biological variables to their sound behaviour and they potentially improve the accuracy of acoustic assessments. One of the limitations of the transducers that are currently used is their difficulty to precisely estimate TS at close range, either because the acoustic beam may not include the whole fish or because of the near-field effect. When measuring the sound produced by a target (fish), it is recommended that the so-called near-field area, which is generated immediately in front of the target, should be avoided. In horizontal hydroacoustics, where information is obtained within the first 15–20 m from the transducer, avoiding this near-field area may render the majority of the sampled volume useless. This experiment was developed in order to study the horizontal behaviour of the TS with regard to distance. We have studied three different sizes of free-swimming large carps and barbels (≈300, 400 and 500 mm) and we have recorded fish traces at three distances from the transducer, both fulfilling and not fulfilling the requirements of the near-field (6, 9 and 12 m). The results showed no differences in the mean TS obtained for fish at different distances. Factors such as orientation or size showed a greater influence on TS changes. These results are very encouraging and they support the use of hydroacoustics in studies performed at close range, such as studies of fish migration in rivers or biomass estimations in aquaculture

Largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides, growth and reproduction in Primera de Palos’ lake (Huelva, Spain)

Some aspects of the biology of Micropterus salmoides such as growth, population structure and reproduction, were studied in the Primera de Palos’ lake. A total of 200 specimens were captured (98 females, 86 males and 16 juveniles) and distributed into seven different age-classes (from 0+ to 6+). Specimens 6+ were exclusively females. The mean values of male length and weight were slightly higher than females ones but the differences were not significant between sexes. The parameters of the von Bertalanffy growth’s curve were L∞=503.6 mm, k=0.19, t0=-1.04 for males and L∞=512.6, k=0.18, t0=-1.05 for females. The final values of the Gompertz growth’s curve for weight were: W0=36.35, G=10.61, g=0.06 for males and W0=31.81, G=6.93, g=0.11 for females. Reproduction took place in spring. Females mature older than males, in age-class 2+. The results clearly indicate that the largemouth bass population has acclimatised well to the Primera de Palos’ lake, having found environmental and trophic conditions that are favourable to its development

Age, growth and diet of the Iberian loach, Cobitis paludica in two different environments

Several aspects of growth and feeding of C. paludica have been assessed in two different environments: a lenitic and a lotic hydrosystem, Portil lagoon and Rivera de Cala river respectively. Growth patterns showed some differences with Iberian loach growing slower in the lagoon than in the river. Because of this, although individuals of both populations reach sexual maturity in their second year (year-class 1+), specimens of lagoon population mature at smaller sizes. The C. paludica population in the river showed a better somatic condition than in the lagoon. In both hydrosystems, their diet was mainly chironomid larvae and ostracods, although the Portil lagoon Iberian loach population showed a clear trophic segregation between young of the year (year-class 0+) and sexually matures individuals (year-class ≥ 1+)

Horizontal hydroacoustics applied to fish detection in shallow ecosystems: an acoustic study on barbel and carp

Falta por incorporar el resumenEn los ecosistemas acuáticos el estudio de los peces es fundamental para entender su funcionamiento y ayudar a la gestión y/o conservación del ecosistema. Entre las técnicas disponibles para el muestreo de las comunidades de peces destacamos por sus numerosas ventajas la técnica hidroacústica. Su uso está ampliamente extendido y aceptado por la comunidad científica por lo que actualmente se está trabajando para la normalización de la técnica (CEN, 2009). No obstante, la aplicación de la hidroacústica en su orientación horizontal para el estudio de los ecosistemas acuáticos superficiales y poco profundos es de reciente incorporación. Por ello, para desarrollar los protocolos de uso y aplicación de la técnica en orientación horizontal son necesarios trabajos que comparen sistemas hidroacústicos diferentes y estudien el comportamiento del sonido en el agua en diferentes situaciones. Los resultados obtenidos en esta Tesis Doctoral destacan la utilidad y la precisión de las estimaciones de densidad y biomasa obtenidas con el uso de la hidroacústica horizontal. Clarifican las especulaciones anteriores y representan un paso adelante en la comprensión del comportamiento de sonido para la detección de peces en los sistemas poco profundos. Consideramos que la hidroacústica horizontal es una técnica que presenta un futuro prometedor en los estudios de peces. Podemos resumir que la aplicación de la hidroacústica horizontal para el estudio de sistemas someros está recién implantada y requiere de estudios que contribuyan a su desarrollo y que proporcionen herramientas para su correcta comprensión e interpretación. En este sentido, esta Tesis Doctoral contribuye sustancialmente al desarrollo y aplicación estas las técnicas. Hemos estudiado el efecto de algunos de los parámetros más importantes en la conversión de los resultados acústicos como son la especie estudiada, la frecuencia aplicada para el estudio, el sistema utilizado para la obtención de datos y la longitud de pulso aplicada. En todos ellos encontramos que la técnica ofrece excelentes condiciones para ser utilizada con éxito en estudios de peces realizados en sistemas superficiales y poco profundos. En este trabajo se subraya la importancia que tiene utilizar una ecuación de conversión TS-longitud adecuada para la especie y el sistema (haz doble-haz partido) utilizado. Asimismo encontramos que las frecuencias altas (430 kHz) pueden resultar menos adecuadas para el estudio de estos ecosistemas someros. La frecuencia de 200 kHz posiciona mejor los ecos de los peces y por tanto el ángulo de natación del pez es más real, lo que evita desviaciones en las estimas de tamaño y biomasa. Por otra parte, encontramos que la hidroacústica horizontal presenta un buen funcionamiento en los primeros metros de muestreo, permitiendo medidas estables de sonido. Este resultado es muy alentador ya que cuando aplicamos estas técnicas la información se extrae de los primero metros de muestreo. La hidroacústica horizontal presenta por tanto, nuevas perspectivas de uso en el estudio de las poblaciones de peces en los ecosistemas acuáticos. Puede ser altamente útil para estudios de migración de especies en sistemas ribereños. Además, su uso combinado con hidroacústica vertical nos permitirá obtener estimas de densidad más completas y cercanas a la realidad del ecosistema acuático. Por otra parte la hidroacústica horizontal podría ser útil para la gestión y manejo de las balsas de cultivo de peces utilizadas en acuicultura y así se está estudiando. Para seguir avanzando en la mejora y aplicación de la técnica los trabajos como los presentados en esta Tesis Doctoral son necesarios. Por una parte, nos ayudan a entender el comportamiento del sonido aplicado a la detección de peces y esto nos permite tener herramientas científicas para justificar la elección de los sistemas a utilizar. Por otra parte, nos proporcionan información útil para los ejercicios de intercalibración requeridos por la Directiva Marco de Agua

Testing of new sampling methods and estimation of size structure of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) in aquaculture farms using horizontal hydroacoustics

In aquaculture, monitoring fish size and density is fundamental to improve management and profitability of fish farms. The aim of this study is to test whether horizontally aimed 200-kHz transducers are adequate to obtain fish size structure in open-sea cages in order to apply horizontal hydroacoustics as a non-intrusive and innovative technique in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) farming. Several sampling strategies have been tested by placing the transducer in two different positions: outside the cage and inside the cage. In addition, two sampling approaches have been implemented: placing the transducer at a fixed position or moving it vertically. The results show that horizontal hydroacoustics is a useful technique for monitoring size distribution of sea bass in farming cages. The most adequate sampling method consists of using a vertically moving transducer positioned outside the cage, since it exhibits the narrowest size distributions with the lowest variance estimates, which matches the data provided by fish farmers

Hydroacoustics for density and biomass estimations in aquaculture ponds

The use of hydroacoustics is currently being studied and developed as a promising non-intrusive methodology to monitor and manage fish stocks in aquaculture farms. The main objective of this study was to develop an acoustic method for the estimation of fish density and biomass in inland aquaculture farms and test the accuracy and precision of the estimates with real data provided by the company. The study was conducted in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) production ponds located in Seville (Southern Spain). A Simrad EK60 echosounder with two split-beam circular transducers operating simultaneously at 200 kHz was used for hydroacoustic surveys. Two different hydroacoustic designs were considered: central trajectories and zigzag trajectories. The accuracy and precision of the estimates were examined in order to select the best sampling design. Due to a non-homogeneous fish distribution in the pond caused by the avoidance behaviour, as a response to the sampling disturbance presented by fish, acoustic density and biomass were corrected by applying sampling theory according to the probability of fish detection. When density and biomass were corrected, the estimates became highly accurate and precise with respect to real data, which confirms that the proposed method is adequate. Similarly, acoustic estimates of fish weight were highly in agreement with real data, due to the use of specific equations developed “in situ” for the study. Although no significant differences were recorded in the density and biomass estimates with regard to the trajectory used (central vs. zigzag), it was observed that the most accurate agreement and precision were always obtained in central trajectories. Therefore, central design is proposed as the most appropriate design for hydroacoustic measurements in inland ponds. The results obtained in this study provide estimates of density and biomass that accurately match the real data, supporting the use of hydroacoustics as a potentially valid tool to manage inland aquaculture farms

Nanocellular Polymers with a Gradient Cellular Structure Based on Poly(methyl methacrylate)/Thermoplastic Polyurethane Blends Produced by Gas Dissolution Foaming

Graded structures and nanocellular polymers are two examples of advanced cellular morphologies. In this work, a methodology to obtain low-density graded nanocellular polymers based on poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)/ thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) blends produced by gas dissolution foaming is reported. A systematic study of the effect of the processing condition is presented. Results show that the melt-blending results in a solid nanostructured material formed by nanometric TPU domains. The PMMA/ TPU foamed samples show a gradient cellular structure, with a homogeneous nanocellular core. In the core, the TPU domains act as nucleating sites, enhancing nucleation compared to pure PMMA and allowing the change from a microcellular to a nanocellular structure. Nonetheless, the outer region shows a gradient of cell sizes from nano- to micron-sized cells. This gradient structure is attributed to a non-constant pressure profile in the samples due to gas desorption before foaming. The nucleation in the PMMA/ TPU increases as the saturation pressure increases. Regarding the effect of the foaming conditions, it is proved that it is necessary to have a fine control to avoid degeneration of the cellular materials. Graded nanocellular polymers with relative densities of 0.16–0.30 and cell sizes ranging 310–480 nm (in the nanocellular core) are obtained

Factors in the acquisition of an ethical training

Society in general demands an ethical behavior in business world. The research problem of the paper is to analyze whether higher education institutions of business contribute to ethical decisions making in students through a specific training approach based on practical methodologies that take into account students’ personal characteristics, which may affect the ethical decisions making. The acquisition of knowledge should be more effective whether is based on personal characteristics

Density and phenology of the invasive mealybug Delottococcus aberiae on citrus: implications for integrated pest management

[EN] Delottococcus aberiae De Lotto (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) is a new invasive citrus pest in Spain. It causes severe fruit distortions and, as a new invasive mealybug, there is a lack of information about its biology. This research aims to examine the seasonal trend of D. aberiae in citrus, using several sampling methods, as a first step to develop an integrated pest management program. Ten citrus orchards from Eastern Spain were periodically sampled during three years using absolute (plant material) and relative (corrugated cardboard band traps and sticky traps) sampling methods. The three sampling methods showed that D. aberiae completes multiple generations per year, two of them being clearly defined and resulting in high populations. D. aberiae peaked between May and June, damaging the developing fruit. Corrugated cardboard band traps were able to detect prepupa and pupa male instars and gravid females, providing a quantitative measurement of D. aberiae density at its first population peak. The use of corrugated cardboard band traps is recommended to monitor population levels and sticky traps to determine male flight periods, representing simple sampling techniques to monitor D. aberiae. These results will improve the sampling protocols and allow for the development of an integrated pest management program.We would like to thank the owners of the orchards for allowing us to use their plantations and P. Bru (IVIA) and J. Catalan (IVIA) for their help in sampling. This research was supported by two predoctoral grants (FPU to V. Martinez-Blay and Val I + d to J. Perez-Rodriguez from the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport and Generalitat Valenciana, respectively), the European Grants FP7-IAPP #324475 'Colbics' and FP7-IRSES #612566 'Biomodic,' and a national project provided by INIA (Project No. RTA2014-00067). The authors thank Debra Westall (UPV) for revising the manuscript.Martínez-Blay, V.; Pérez-Rodríguez, J.; Tena, A.; Soto Sánchez, AI. (2018). Density and phenology of the invasive mealybug Delottococcus aberiae on citrus: implications for integrated pest management. Journal of Pest Science. 91(2):625-637. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-017-0928-yS625637912Afifi SA (1968) Morphology and taxonomy of the adult males of the families Pseudococcidae and Eriococcidae: (Homoptera:Coccoidea). Bull Br Mus (Nat Hist) Entomol, Suppl 13. LondonAgustí M (2003) Citricultura. 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Entomol Hellenica 19:137–143Beltrà A, Soto A, Malausa T (2012) Molecular and morphological characterisation of Pseudococcidae surveyed on crops and ornamental plants in Spain. Bull Entomol Res 102:165–172. doi: 10.1017/S0007485311000514Beltrà A, Garcia-Marí F, Soto A (2013a) El cotonet de Les Valls, Delottococcus aberiae, nueva plaga de los cítricos. Levante Agrícola 419:348–352Beltrà A, Garcia-Marí F, Soto A (2013b) Seasonal phenology, spatial distribution, and sampling plan for the invasive mealybug Phenacoccus peruvianus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). J Econ Entomol 106:1486–1494. doi: 10.1603/ec13024Beltrà A, Tena A, Soto A (2013c) Reproductive strategies and food sources used by Acerophagus n. sp. near coccois, a new successful parasitoid of the invasive mealybug Phenacoccus peruvianus. 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Boll Zool agr Bachic 31:31–35Mazzeo G, Longo S, Pellizzari G, Porcelli F, Suma P, Russo A (2014) Exotic scale insects (Coccoidea) on ornamental plants in Italy: a never-ending story. Acta Zool Bulg 6:55–61McKenzie HL (1967) Mealybugs of California, with taxonomy, biology, and control of North American species (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae). Cambridge University Press, BerkeleyMendel Z, Watson GW, Protasov A, Spodek M (2016) First record of the papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus Williams & Granara de Willink (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Pseudococcidae), in the Western Palaearctic. EPPO Bull 46:580–582. doi: 10.1111/epp.12321Meyerdirk DE, Newell IM (1979) Seasonal development and flight activity of Pseudocccus comstocki in California. Ann Entomol Soc Am 72:492–494Meyerdirk DE, Newell IM, Warkentin RW (1981) Biological control of comstock mealybug. 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