Consecuencias jurídicas, económicas y sociales de las sentencias de la sala de lo constitucional en relación a la aplicación de infracciones ambientales por el Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (MARN)

Por medio de esta sentencia le fue quitada la potestad de sancionar al medio de la Ley del Medio Ambiente, por lo cual la aplicación de multas ambientales no se puede llevar acabo, esto hace que nuestro medio ambiente se vea deteriorado a gran escala y por ende al no tener una sanción económica impuesta al infractor no hay una medida para controlar y fomentar la concientización ambiental. No se puede llevar acabo, esto hace que nuestro medio ambiente se vea deteriorado a gran escala y por ende al no tener una sanción económica impuesta al infractor no hay una medida para controlar y fomentar la concientización ambiental

Impact of COVID-19 on cardiovascular testing in the United States versus the rest of the world

Objectives: This study sought to quantify and compare the decline in volumes of cardiovascular procedures between the United States and non-US institutions during the early phase of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the care of many non-COVID-19 illnesses. Reductions in diagnostic cardiovascular testing around the world have led to concerns over the implications of reduced testing for cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. Methods: Data were submitted to the INCAPS-COVID (International Atomic Energy Agency Non-Invasive Cardiology Protocols Study of COVID-19), a multinational registry comprising 909 institutions in 108 countries (including 155 facilities in 40 U.S. states), assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on volumes of diagnostic cardiovascular procedures. Data were obtained for April 2020 and compared with volumes of baseline procedures from March 2019. We compared laboratory characteristics, practices, and procedure volumes between U.S. and non-U.S. facilities and between U.S. geographic regions and identified factors associated with volume reduction in the United States. Results: Reductions in the volumes of procedures in the United States were similar to those in non-U.S. facilities (68% vs. 63%, respectively; p = 0.237), although U.S. facilities reported greater reductions in invasive coronary angiography (69% vs. 53%, respectively; p < 0.001). Significantly more U.S. facilities reported increased use of telehealth and patient screening measures than non-U.S. facilities, such as temperature checks, symptom screenings, and COVID-19 testing. Reductions in volumes of procedures differed between U.S. regions, with larger declines observed in the Northeast (76%) and Midwest (74%) than in the South (62%) and West (44%). Prevalence of COVID-19, staff redeployments, outpatient centers, and urban centers were associated with greater reductions in volume in U.S. facilities in a multivariable analysis. Conclusions: We observed marked reductions in U.S. cardiovascular testing in the early phase of the pandemic and significant variability between U.S. regions. The association between reductions of volumes and COVID-19 prevalence in the United States highlighted the need for proactive efforts to maintain access to cardiovascular testing in areas most affected by outbreaks of COVID-19 infection

Comparative genome sequence analysis underscores mycoparasitism as the ancestral life style of Trichoderma.

International audienceBackground: Mycoparasitism, a lifestyle where one fungus is parasitic on another fungus, has special relevance when the prey is a plant pathogen, providing a strategy for biological control of pests for plant protection. Probably, the most studied biocontrol agents are species of the genus Hypocrea/Trichoderma.Results: Here we report an analysis of the genome sequences of the two biocontrol species Trichoderma atroviride (teleomorph Hypocrea atroviridis) and Trichoderma virens (formerly Gliocladium virens, teleomorph Hypocrea virens), and a comparison with Trichoderma reesei (teleomorph Hypocrea jecorina). These three Trichoderma species display a remarkable conservation of gene order (78 to 96%), and a lack of active mobile elements probably due to repeat-induced point mutation. Several gene families are expanded in the two mycoparasitic species relative to T. reesei or other ascomycetes, and are overrepresented in non-syntenic genome regions. A phylogenetic analysis shows that T. reesei and T. virens are derived relative to T. atroviride. The mycoparasitism-specific genes thus arose in a common Trichoderma ancestor but were subsequently lost in T. reesei.Conclusions: The data offer a better understanding of mycoparasitism, and thus enforce the development of improved biocontrol strains for efficient and environmentally friendly protection of plants

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MOESM1 of Comparative genome sequence analysis underscores mycoparasitism as the ancestral life style of Trichoderma

Additional file 1: Comparative properties and gene inventory of T. reesei, T. virens and T. atroviride. This file contains additional information on genomic properties and selected gene families from the three Trichoderma species comprising 19 tables. Table S1 summarizes the satellite sequences identified in the Trichoderma genomes and four other fungal genomes. Table S2 summarizes manually curated sequence alignments of transposable element families from the Trichoderma genomes. Table S3 lists the total number of CAZy families in Trichoderma and other fungi. Table S4 lists the glycoside hydrolase (GH) families in Trichoderma and other fungi. Table S5 lists the glycosyltransferase (GT) families in Trichoderma and other fungi. Table S6 lists the polysaccharide lyase (PL) families in Trichoderma and other fungi. Table S7 lists the carbohydrate esterase (CE) families in Trichoderma and other fungi. Table S8 lists the carbohydrate-binding module (CBM) families in Trichoderma and other fungi. Table S9 lists the NRPS, PKS and NRPS-PKS proteins in T. atroviride. Table S10 lists NRPS, PKS and NRPS-PKS proteins in T. virens. Table S11 lists the putative insecticidal toxins in Trichoderma. Table S12 lists the cytochrome P450 CYP4/CYP19/CYP26 class E proteins in Trichoderma. Table S13 lists the small-cysteine rich secreted protein from Trichoderma spp. Table S14 lists the most abundant PFAM domains in those genes that are unique to T. atroviride and T. virens and not present in T. reesei. Table S15 surveys the assembly statistics. Table S16 provides gene model support. Table S17 summarizes gene model statistics. Table S18 provides numbers of genes with functional annotation according to KOG, Gene Ontology, and KEGG classifications. Table S19 lists the largest KOG families responsible for metabolism. (XLSX 57 KB

Comparative genome sequence analysis underscores mycoparasitism as the ancestral life style of Trichoderma

Abstract Background Mycoparasitism, a lifestyle where one fungus is parasitic on another fungus, has special relevance when the prey is a plant pathogen, providing a strategy for biological control of pests for plant protection. Probably, the most studied biocontrol agents are species of the genus Hypocrea/Trichoderma. Results Here we report an analysis of the genome sequences of the two biocontrol species Trichoderma atroviride (teleomorph Hypocrea atroviridis) and Trichoderma virens (formerly Gliocladium virens, teleomorph Hypocrea virens), and a comparison with Trichoderma reesei (teleomorph Hypocrea jecorina). These three Trichoderma species display a remarkable conservation of gene order (78 to 96%), and a lack of active mobile elements probably due to repeat-induced point mutation. Several gene families are expanded in the two mycoparasitic species relative to T. reesei or other ascomycetes, and are overrepresented in non-syntenic genome regions. A phylogenetic analysis shows that T. reesei and T. virens are derived relative to T. atroviride. The mycoparasitism-specific genes thus arose in a common Trichoderma ancestor but were subsequently lost in T. reesei. Conclusions The data offer a better understanding of mycoparasitism, and thus enforce the development of improved biocontrol strains for efficient and environmentally friendly protection of plants

of Comparative genome sequence analysis underscores mycoparasitism as the ancestral life style of Trichoderma

of Comparative genome sequence analysis underscores mycoparasitism as the ancestral life style of Trichoderm

of Comparative genome sequence analysis underscores mycoparasitism as the ancestral life style of Trichoderma

of Comparative genome sequence analysis underscores mycoparasitism as the ancestral life style of Trichoderm

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of Comparative genome sequence analysis underscores mycoparasitism as the ancestral life style of Trichoderma

of Comparative genome sequence analysis underscores mycoparasitism as the ancestral life style of Trichoderm