Parasitoidismo de Psyllaephagus pilosus Noyes (Hym.: Encyrtidae) sobre el ps\uedlido del eucalipto Ctenarytaina eucalypti (Maskell) (Hem.: Psyllidae) en plantaciones de eucaliptos en la V regi\uf3n

The blue gum psyllid, Ctenarytaina eucalypti (Maskell) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), was detected in Eucalyptus sp. shoots in the I Region of Chile in 1999. The successful results obtained in North America and Europe using biological control with Psyllaephagus pilosus Noyes (Hym.: Encyrtidae) motivated its application in Chile. After its introduction during 2001, studies showed a rapid establishment and a high dispersion capacity during the first year. To evaluate its permanent establishment and its controlling efficacy on the pest without requiring new releases, population fluctuations of both species were determined in contiguous eucalyptus plantations of 14 and 2 months, with and without release of the parasitoid, respectively. The study was performed in Casablanca (33\ub026' S lat, 71\ub029' W long, 320 m.o.s.l.).Two plots of 60 x 40 m with 311 plants were selected. Biweekly were collected shoots, placed directly in glass jars, and all stages of psyllids and parasitoids were identified and counted under a stereoscopic microscope in the laboratory. Results showed that when the highest density of the psyllia, parasitoidism affected over 80% of the developed nymphs, reducing drastically the total density of C. eucalypti throughout the season. Results also indicated that the parasitoid established definitely and is able to control outbreaks of the psyllids without new releases. In addition to the parasitoid, the physiological state of the plant shoots and the transformation of foliage associated with the plant development also influenced psyllid population fluctuation.El ps\uedlido del eucalipto, Ctenarytaina eucalypti (Maskell) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), fue detectado en brotes de Eucalyptus sp. en la I Regi\uf3n de Chile en 1999. Los resultados exitosos obtenidos en Norteam\ue9rica y Europa con el control biol\uf3gico mediante el parasitoide Psyllaephagus pilosus (Hym.: Encyrtidae) motivaron su aplicaci\uf3n en Chile. Luego de su internaci\uf3n el a\uf1o 2001, se comprob\uf3 un r\ue1pido establecimiento y una notable capacidad de dispersi\uf3n durante el primer a\uf1o. Para evaluar su establecimiento y eficacia reguladora sobre la plaga, sin requerir nuevas liberaciones, fueron evaluadas las fluctuaciones poblacionales de ambas especies en plantaciones contiguas de eucaliptos de 14 y 2 meses, con y sin liberaci\uf3n de parasitoide, respectivamente. El estudio fue realizado en Casablanca (33\ub026' lat. Sur, 71\ub029' long. Oeste, 320 m.s.n.m.), donde se seleccionaron dos parcelas de 60 x 40 m con 311 plantas cada una. Quincenalmente se extrajeron brotes, los que fueron colocados en frascos y transportados al laboratorio donde se identificaron y contabilizaron los individuos presentes. Los resultados mostraron que en per\uedodos de mayor densidad del ps\uedlido, el parasitoidismo afect\uf3 m\ue1s del 80% de las ninfas desarrolladas, produciendo una reducci\uf3n notable de su densidad poblacional total en el transcurso de la temporada. Los resultados tambi\ue9n se\uf1alan que el parasitoide se estableci\uf3 definitivamente y fue capaz de controlar los rebrotes poblacionales del ps\uedlido sin necesidad de nuevas liberaciones. Adem\ue1s del parasitoide, el estado fisiol\uf3gico de los brotes de las plantas y el cambio de follaje asociado al desarrollo de las plantas tambi\ue9n influyeron sobre la fluctuaci\uf3n poblacional del ps\uedlido

Evaluaci\uf3n de un detergente en base a benceno sulfonato de sodio para el control de la mosquita blanca Aleurothrixus floccosus (Maskell) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) y de la ara\uf1ita roja Panonychus citri (McGregor) (Acarina: Tetranychidae) en naranjos y mandarinos

The woolly whitefly Aleurothrixus floccosus (Maskell), and the red citrus red mite Panonychus citri (McGregor), are considered serious citrus pests which may cause economic damage, and the use of non selective insecticides increases the problem due to the effect on the natural enemies. To evaluate the use of detergent based on sodium benzene sulfonate on the reduction of whiteflies, mites and natural enemies, experiments were performed in two citrus orchards. The first field trial was carried out on in a mandarin orchard ( Citrus reticulata Blanco) infested by the woolly whitefly at El Palqui (IV Region, Chile). The experiment consisted of the evaluation of two applications of detergent (February 10th and March 3rd, 1998), compared with an untreated control. The results showed significant differences in A. floccosus populations between sprayed and untreated trees from May to July. The mean of parasitized nymphs between March and August was 89.6% in treated trees and 57.1% in untreated trees. The proportion of fruits at harvest with sooty mould was lower on untreated trees compared with the control, 2.3% and 45.5%, respectively. The second field trial was carried out on an orange orchard trees ( Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck), infested by the citrus red miteat Hijuelas (V Region) and included the following applications detergent, chinometionate, mineral oil and water. Chinometionate produced an effective control of the phytophagous mites populations and an almost total elimination of natural enemies such as phytoseiids and the coccinellid Stethorus histrio Chazeau. The application of detergent and mineral oil showed less control compared to the acaricide and less impact on populations of natural enemies.La mosquita blanca Aleurothrixus floccosus (Maskell) y la ara\uf1ita roja Panonychus citri (McGregor) son consideradas plagas que causan da\uf1os econ\uf3micos a los c\uedtricos, y el uso de insecticidas no selectivos aumenta el problema por su efecto sobre los enemigos naturales. Para evaluar el uso del detergente en base a benceno sulfonato de sodio en la reducci\uf3n de mosquitas blancas, ara\uf1itas y sus enemigos naturales se desarrollaron experimentos en dos huertos de c\uedtricos. El primer ensayo fue realizado en un huerto de mandarinos ( Citrus reticulata Blanco) infestado con mosquitas blancas en El Palqui (IV Regi\uf3n). El experimento consisti\uf3 en la evaluaci\uf3n de dos aplicaciones del detergente (10 de febrero y 3 de marzo de 1998), comparado con un control sin aplicaci\uf3n. Los resultados mostraron diferencias significativas en la presencia de A. floccosus entre \ue1rboles asperjados y no asperjados, desde mayo a julio. Entremarzo y agosto de 1998 el promedio de ninfas parasitadas en los \ue1rboles tratados fue de 89,6 y de 57,1% en las plantas sin lavar. La proporci\uf3n de frutos manchados con fumagina en la cosecha fue menor en los \ue1rboles asperjados comparados con el control, 2,3 y 45,5%, respectivamente. El segundo ensayo fue realizado en un huerto de naranjos ( Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) infestado con ara\uf1ita roja de los c\uedtricos en Hijuelas (V Regi\uf3n) y consider\uf3 la aplicaci\uf3n de: detergente, chinometionate, aceite mineral y agua. Chinometionate produjo un efectivo control de las ara\uf1itas fit\uf3fagas y una eliminaci\uf3n casi total de sus enemigos naturales representados por fitoseidos y el coccin\ue9lido Stethorus histrio Chazeau. La aplicaci\uf3n del detergente y el aceite mineral mostraron una actividad inferior al acaricida y un impacto menor sobre las poblaciones de enemigos naturales

Plasma lipidome and risk of atrial fibrillation: results from the PREDIMED trial

The potential role of the lipidome in atrial fibrillation (AF) development is still widely unknown. We aimed to assess the association between lipidome profiles of the Prevenci\uf3n con Dieta Mediterr\ue1nea (PREDIMED) trial participants and incidence of AF. We conducted a nested case–control study (512 incident centrally adjudicated AF cases and 735 controls matched by age, sex, and center). Baseline plasma lipids were profiled using a Nexera X2 U-HPLC system coupled to an Exactive Plus orbitrap mass spectrometer. We estimated the association between 216 individual lipids and AF using multivariable conditional logistic regression and adjusted the p values for multiple testing. We also examined the joint association of lipid clusters with AF incidence. Hitherto, we estimated the lipidomics network, used machine learning to select important network-clusters and AF-predictive lipid patterns, and summarized the joint association of these lipid patterns weighted scores. Finally, we addressed the possible interaction by the randomized dietary intervention. Forty-one individual lipids were associated with AF at the nominal level (p < 0.05), but no longer after adjustment for multiple-testing. However, the network-based score identified with a robust data-driven lipid network showed a multivariable-adjusted ORper+1SD of 1.32 (95% confidence interval: 1.16–1.51; p < 0.001). The score included PC plasmalogens and PE plasmalogens, palmitoyl-EA, cholesterol, CE 16:0, PC 36:4;O, and TG 53:3. No interaction with the dietary intervention was found. A multilipid score, primarily made up of plasmalogens, was associated with an increased risk of AF. Future studies are needed to get further insights into the lipidome role on AF. Current Controlled Trials number, ISRCTN35739639

Structural brain abnormalities in the common epilepsies assessed in a worldwide ENIGMA study

Progressive functional decline in the epilepsies is largely unexplained. We formed the ENIGMA-Epilepsy consortium to understand factors that influence brain measures in epilepsy, pooling data from 24 research centres in 14 countries across Europe, North and South America, Asia, and Australia. Structural brain measures were extracted from MRI brain scans across 2149 individuals with epilepsy, divided into four epilepsy subgroups including idiopathic generalized epilepsies (n =367), mesial temporal lobe epilepsies with hippocampal sclerosis (MTLE; left, n = 415; right, n = 339), and all other epilepsies in aggregate (n = 1026), and compared to 1727 matched healthy controls. We ranked brain structures in order of greatest differences between patients and controls, by meta-Analysing effect sizes across 16 subcortical and 68 cortical brain regions. We also tested effects of duration of disease, age at onset, and age-by-diagnosis interactions on structural measures. We observed widespread patterns of altered subcortical volume and reduced cortical grey matter thickness. Compared to controls, all epilepsy groups showed lower volume in the right thalamus (Cohen's d = \uc3\ua2 '0.24 to \uc3\ua2 '0.73; P < 1.49 \uc3\u97 10 \uc3\ua2 '4), and lower thickness in the precentral gyri bilaterally (d = \uc3\ua2 '0.34 to \uc3\ua2 '0.52; P < 4.31 \uc3\u97 10 \uc3\ua2 '6). Both MTLE subgroups showed profound volume reduction in the ipsilateral hippocampus (d = \uc3\ua2 '1.73 to \uc3\ua2 '1.91, P < 1.4 \uc3\u97 10 \uc3\ua2 '19), and lower thickness in extrahippocampal cortical regions, including the precentral and paracentral gyri, compared to controls (d = \uc3\ua2 '0.36 to \uc3\ua2 '0.52; P < 1.49 \uc3\u97 10 \uc3\ua2 '4). Thickness differences of the ipsilateral temporopolar, parahippocampal, entorhinal, and fusiform gyri, contralateral pars triangularis, and bilateral precuneus, superior frontal and caudal middle frontal gyri were observed in left, but not right, MTLE (d = \uc3\ua2 '0.29 to \uc3\ua2 '0.54; P < 1.49 \uc3\u97 10 \uc3\ua2 '4). Contrastingly, thickness differences of the ipsilateral pars opercularis, and contralateral transverse temporal gyrus, were observed in right, but not left, MTLE (d = \uc3\ua2 '0.27 to \uc3\ua2 '0.51; P < 1.49 \uc3\u97 10 \uc3\ua2 '4). Lower subcortical volume and cortical thickness associated with a longer duration of epilepsy in the all-epilepsies, all-other-epilepsies, and right MTLE groups (beta, b < \uc3\ua2 '0.0018; P < 1.49 \uc3\u97 10 \uc3\ua2 '4). In the largest neuroimaging study of epilepsy to date, we provide information on the common epilepsies that could not be realistically acquired in any other way. Our study provides a robust ranking of brain measures that can be further targeted for study in genetic and neuropathological studies. This worldwide initiative identifies patterns of shared grey matter reduction across epilepsy syndromes, and distinctive abnormalities between epilepsy syndromes, which inform our understanding of epilepsy as a network disorder, and indicate that certain epilepsy syndromes involve more widespread structural compromise than previously assumed

The Changing Landscape for Stroke\ua0Prevention in AF: Findings From the GLORIA-AF Registry Phase 2

Background GLORIA-AF (Global Registry on Long-Term Oral Antithrombotic Treatment in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation) is a prospective, global registry program describing antithrombotic treatment patterns in patients with newly diagnosed nonvalvular atrial fibrillation at risk of stroke. Phase 2 began when dabigatran, the first non\u2013vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant (NOAC), became available. Objectives This study sought to describe phase 2 baseline data and compare these with the pre-NOAC era collected during phase&nbsp;1. Methods During phase 2, 15,641 consenting patients were enrolled (November 2011 to December 2014); 15,092 were eligible. This pre-specified cross-sectional analysis describes eligible patients\u2019 baseline characteristics. Atrial fibrillation&nbsp;disease characteristics, medical outcomes, and concomitant diseases and medications were collected. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results Of the total patients, 45.5% were female; median age was 71 (interquartile range: 64, 78) years. Patients were from Europe (47.1%), North America (22.5%), Asia (20.3%), Latin America (6.0%), and the Middle East/Africa (4.0%). Most had high stroke risk (CHA2DS2-VASc [Congestive heart failure, Hypertension, Age&nbsp; 6575 years, Diabetes mellitus, previous Stroke, Vascular disease, Age 65 to 74 years, Sex category] score&nbsp; 652; 86.1%); 13.9% had moderate risk (CHA2DS2-VASc&nbsp;= 1). Overall, 79.9% received oral anticoagulants, of whom 47.6% received NOAC and 32.3% vitamin K antagonists (VKA); 12.1% received antiplatelet agents; 7.8% received no antithrombotic treatment. For comparison, the proportion of phase 1 patients (of N&nbsp;= 1,063 all eligible) prescribed VKA was 32.8%, acetylsalicylic acid 41.7%, and no therapy 20.2%. In Europe in phase 2, treatment with NOAC was more common than VKA (52.3% and 37.8%, respectively); 6.0% of patients received antiplatelet treatment; and 3.8% received no antithrombotic treatment. In North America, 52.1%, 26.2%, and 14.0% of patients received NOAC, VKA, and antiplatelet drugs, respectively; 7.5% received no antithrombotic treatment. NOAC use was less common in Asia (27.7%), where 27.5% of patients received VKA, 25.0% antiplatelet drugs, and 19.8% no antithrombotic treatment. Conclusions The baseline data from GLORIA-AF phase 2 demonstrate that in newly diagnosed nonvalvular atrial fibrillation patients, NOAC have been highly adopted into practice, becoming more frequently prescribed than VKA in&nbsp;Europe and North America. Worldwide, however, a large proportion of patients remain undertreated, particularly in&nbsp;Asia&nbsp;and North America. (Global Registry on Long-Term Oral Antithrombotic Treatment in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation [GLORIA-AF]; NCT01468701

Control Biologico de Ulex EuropaeusL.: Internacion a Chile de dos Poblaciones del Bioagente Agonopterix Ulicetella (Stainton) (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae)

Two strains of the moth Agonopterix ulicetella , a host-specific bioagent of the weed Ulex europaeus (gorse), collected in Hilo, Hawaii, and Plymouth, United Kingdom, were introduced to Chile in 1996 and 1997. Bioagent selection considered the criteria suggested by several biocontrol investigators. Once introduced to Chile, both strains were subjected to quarantine, confirmation of specificity and breeding, three essential protocols to develop a classical weed biocontrol program. Both strains survived shipping, hemisphere change and produced new generations in quarantine. A. ulicetella populations were authorized to be released under field conditions in Chile in 1997 and 1998.Durante 1996 y 1997, se colectaron en Hilo, Hawaii, EEUU, y en Plymouth, Inglaterra, dos poblaciones del insecto Agonopterix ulicetella , un herb\uedvoro espec\uedfico de la maleza agr\uedcola y forestal Ulex europaeus (espinillo). La selecci\uf3n de los bioagentes se realiz\uf3 teniendo en cuenta los criterios se\uf1alados por varios investigadores de control biol\uf3gico de malezas. Posterior a la introducci\uf3n de dichas poblaciones a Chile, se les someti\uf3 a las etapas de cuarentena, confirmaci\uf3n de especificidad y crianza en laboratorio, protocolos esenciales para desarrollar el m\ue9todo de control biol\uf3gico cl\ue1sico. Ambas poblaciones sobrevivieron el transporte, el cambio de hemisferio y la cuarentena. Asimismo, se obtuvieron nuevas generaciones de laboratorio de las poblaciones de Hilo y Plymouth, lo cual permiti\uf3 que se autorizara la liberaci\uf3n de A. ulicetella en Chile, en 1997 y 1998