Russian business ethics in the context of national features

In this article, we have reviewed the basic elements of a business ethics that suggest that the basis of ethic is fundamental cultural differences, and therefore they cannot be universal. The article also identified elements that indicate the differences in business ethics in Russia, the United States and European countries. In these work conclusions about the cultural background, we want to make it possible to see the reason why the Russian businessmen and the USA react differently to similar ethical dilemma. В статье проведен анализ основных элементов бизнес этики, которые позволяют утверждать, что в основе этических воззрений лежат принципиальные культурные различия, а следовательно, они не могут носить универсальный характер. Также в статье определены элементы, которые указывают на отличия в бизнес этике России, США и европейских государств. Сделаны выводы о культурных предпосылках, дающих возможность увидеть причину, по которой бизнесмены России и США по-разному реагируют на аналогичную этическую дилемму

Lowering and raising operators for the free Meixner class of orthogonal polynomials

We compare some properties of the lowering and raising operators for the classical and free classes of Meixner polynomials on the real line

Geometric principles for constructing radar panoramas of the surface of Venus: Hypsometric features of the Moon and terrestrial planets

The physographic curves of the moon and terrestrial planets, drawn both for the entire surface as a whole and for individual hemispheres, were compared to discover the common consistencies and individual features in the distribution of hypsometric levels. In 1983 to 1984 the automated interplanetary stations (AMS) Venera 15 and 16 made radar maps of the planet Venus. The synthesized images are the basic initial material for photogrammetric and catrographic processing to create maps of the Venus surface. These principles are discussed

Use of instructional cards in the process of studying the cycle of professional disciplines

In article the question of a possibility of use of instructive cards on disciplines of a professional cycle when training future teachers of a vocational education is consideredРассматривается вопрос возможности использования инструкционных карт при изучении дисциплин профессионального цикла в обучении будущих педагогов профессионального обучени

Совмещенный процесс синтеза циклогексилциклогексанкарбоксилата из циклогексанола и CO, катализируемый системой Pd(OAc)2–PPh3–п-толуолсульфокислота

Objectives. To study the possibility of combining acid-catalytic cyclohexanol dehydration and alkoxycarbonylation of the formed cyclohexene with cyclohexanol and carbon(II) oxide in a single reactor in order to achieve high yields of the target cyclohexyl cyclohexanecarboxylate product under mild conditions using the Pd(OAc)2–PPh3–p-toluenesulfonic acid catalytic system.Methods. The combined process took place in a toluene medium in a periodic steel reactor designed to operate at elevated pressure, equipped with a glass insert, a magnetic stirrer, and a sampler, as well as gas input and discharge devices. The reaction mass with the components of the catalytic system was placed in a glass reactor inside a steel autoclave. The reaction mass samples obtained during the combined process were analyzed by gas–liquid chromatography with a flame ionization detector.Results. The possibility of combining cyclohexanol dehydration catalyzed by p-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate and formed cyclohexene alkoxycarbonylation with cyclohexanol and CO during catalysis by the Pd(OAc)2–PPh3–p-toluenesulfonic acid system in a single reactor was demonstrated. Under mild conditions (temperature 110°C; CO pressure 2.1 MPa), the target product yield reached 64.8% in 5 h. However, the combined process is complicated by the formation of a cyclohexanecarboxylic acid by-product formed as a result of the cyclohexyl cyclohexanecarboxylate hydrolysis and the cyclohexene hydroxycarbonylation.Conclusions. The reactions of intramolecular acid-catalytic cyclohexanol dehydration and formed cyclohexene alkoxycarbonylation catalyzed by the Pd(OAc)2–PPh3–p-toluenesulfonic acid system can be combined in a single reactor. p-Toluenesulfonic acid can simultaneously act as a catalyst for the cyclohexanol dehydration and a co-catalyst of the palladium–phosphine system of cyclohexene alkoxycarbonylation. The involvement of cyclohexene, representing a product of reversible cyclohexanol dehydration, in the alkoxycarbonylation reaction is a factor in shifting the dehydration reaction equilibrium towards the formation of cyclohexene. Cyclohexanecarboxylic acid is a by-product of the proposed combined process. A factor in the reduction of target product yield is water formed as a result of cyclohexanol dehydration due to the involvement of the latter in the hydrolysis reaction and the course of the cyclohexene hydroxycarbonylation.Цели. Изучение возможности совмещения в одном реакторе реакций кислотнокаталитической дегидратации циклогексанола и алкоксикарбонилирования образующегося циклогексена циклогексанолом и оксидом углерода (II). Установление возможности достижения высоких выходов целевого продукта – циклогексилциклогексанкарбоксилата – в мягких условиях при катализе системой Pd(OAc)2–PPh3–п-толуолсульфокислота.Методы. Совмещенный процесс изучался в среде толуола в периодическом стальном реакторе, рассчитанном на работу при повышенном давлении, снабженном стеклянной вставкой, магнитной мешалкой, пробоотборником, устройствами ввода и сброса газов. Реакционная масса с компонентами каталитической системы помещалась в стеклянный реактор внутри стального автоклава. Отбираемые в ходе совмещенного процесса пробы реакционной массы анализировали методом газо-жидкостной хроматографии с пламенно-ионизационным детектором.Результаты. Показана возможность совмещения в одном реакторе дегидратации циклогексанола, катализируемой моногидратом п-толуолсульфокислоты, и алкоксикарбонилирования образующегося циклогексена циклогексанолом и СО при катализе системой Pd(OAc)2–PPh3–п-толуолсульфокислота. В мягких условиях (температура 110 °С, давление СО 2.1 МПа) выход целевого продукта достигал 64.8% за 5 ч. Установлено, что совмещенный процесс осложняется образованием побочного продукта – циклогексанкарбоновой кислоты – в результате гидролиза циклогексилового эфира циклогексанкарбоновой кислоты и гидроксикарбонилирования циклогексена

Methodology for Estimating the Expected Cost of Engineering and Technology Innovation

The article proposes a methodology for estimating the expected cost of technical and technological innovations. The evaluation is performed in the pre-design phase of the innovation (project initiation phase). It relies on the method of analogy and is implemented based on the principle of “so was - so will be.” At the same time, the available analogues provide objective information about “how it was.” Extending this data into the future to estimate the cost of design relies on probabilistic interpretation of the available uncertainty. Uncertainty removal is accomplished using the principle of maximum entropy. This ensures the most complete consideration of the available objective information and minimizes speculation in assessing the cost of designing innovative objects. In general, the methodology proposed in the article allows obtaining objective estimates of the expected cost of designing technical and technological innovations in the standard information situation for the initiation stage of the project

A novel-type luciferin from Siberian luminous earthworm Fridericia heliota : structure elucidation by spectral studies and total synthesis

Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2014. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Angewandte Chemie International Edition 53 (2014): 5566–5568, doi:10.1002/anie.201400529.We report structure elucidation and synthesis of the luciferin from the recently discovered luminous earthworm Fridericia heliota. This luciferin represents a key component of a novel ATP-dependent bioluminescence system. The UV, fluorescence, NMR and HRMS spectral studies were performed on 5 mkg of the isolated substance, and gave four isomeric structures, conforming with spectral data. These isomers were chemically synthesized and one of them was found to produce light in the reaction with a protein extract from Fridericia. The novel luciferin was found to have an unusual deeply modified peptidic nature, implying an unprecedented mechanism of action.We acknowledge support from the Program of the Government of the Russian Federation “Measures to attract leading scientists to Russian educational institutions” (grant no. 11. G34.31.0058), the programs MCB RAS, President of the Russian Federation “Leading science school” (grant 3951.2012.4) and the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (grant 14-03-01015). B.M.S. was supported by a stipend from the Program of the President of the Russian Federation.2015-04-1