Geometric principles for constructing radar panoramas of the surface of Venus: Hypsometric features of the Moon and terrestrial planets

The physographic curves of the moon and terrestrial planets, drawn both for the entire surface as a whole and for individual hemispheres, were compared to discover the common consistencies and individual features in the distribution of hypsometric levels. In 1983 to 1984 the automated interplanetary stations (AMS) Venera 15 and 16 made radar maps of the planet Venus. The synthesized images are the basic initial material for photogrammetric and catrographic processing to create maps of the Venus surface. These principles are discussed

Small innovative business development experience

The article deals with the study of the experience and impact of establishing micro, small and medium-sized businesses, including innovative enterprises, in developed countries of Europe, the USA, and Russia, their development dynamics, as well as tools ensuring government regulation of their effective functioning. In Russia, the right to establish small innovative enterprises was granted by Federal Law No. 217-FZ dated August 2, 2009. The article provides quantitative statistics of the accounting of small innovative enterprises operating in the scientific and educational sector of Russia’s economy and the economic indicators of their activities, obtained based on monitoring results. The article also analyzes the US legislation in the innovation field. The research allowed us to come to the following key conclusions: Micro, small, and medium-sized businesses play an important role in the European and American economies, being the most important source of innovation and new jobs. In Russia, further development of a mechanism for commercialization of intellectual results requires improvement in terms of harmonization with international rules. The foreign legislative experience with respect to micro, small and medium-sized businesses is of particular interest for the improvement of the regulatory framework that would ensure the effective operation of small innovative enterprises in Russia.peer-reviewe

Quantum Annealing Applied to De-Conflicting Optimal Trajectories for Air Traffic Management

We present the mapping of a class of simplified air traffic management (ATM) problems (strategic conflict resolution) to quadratic unconstrained boolean optimization (QUBO) problems. The mapping is performed through an original representation of the conflict-resolution problem in terms of a conflict graph, where nodes of the graph represent flights and edges represent a potential conflict between flights. The representation allows a natural decomposition of a real world instance related to wind-optimal trajectories over the Atlantic ocean into smaller subproblems, that can be discretized and are amenable to be programmed in quantum annealers. In the study, we tested the new programming techniques and we benchmark the hardness of the instances using both classical solvers and the D-Wave 2X and D-Wave 2000Q quantum chip. The preliminary results show that for reasonable modeling choices the most challenging subproblems which are programmable in the current devices are solved to optimality with 99% of probability within a second of annealing time.Comment: Paper accepted for publication on: IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation System

Optimization of shareholders’ incomes with investments into production reforming

In recent years a company’s goal is not profit making but capitalization. Companies having the capital value larger than their competitors win in the market. This determines the trends in the capital market, namely merger and acquisition, which have been very popular recently in the international market. This paper considers economic statement, formalization and fulfillment of a problem of optimization of management decisions during formation of funds for company development.peer-reviewe

Translation arrest of potato virus X RNA in Krebs-2 cell-free system: RNase H cleavage promoted by complementary oligodeoxynucleotides

AbstractTranslation arrest of genomic potato virus X (PVX) RNA promoted by complementary oligodeoxynucleotides in Krebs-2 cell-free system is described. 14–15 mer oligodeoxynucleotides complementary to the 5′-proximal cistron of PVX RNA were shown to induce specific truncation of the major non-structural polypeptide coded by PVX RNA. Evidence is presented that effective translational arrest of PVX RNA in the presence of complementary oligonucleotides restults from the site-specific cleavage of RNA by endogenous RNase H intrinsic to the Krebs-2 extract. No similar translational arrest was found in the rabbit reticulocyte lysate cell-free system

Activity of genes of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in the Ligamentum flavum of patients with stenosing processes in spinal canal and dural sac

New data have been obtained for assessing the expression of genes of metalloproteinases and their tissue inhibitors (MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-8, MMP-9, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2) in the Ligamentum flavum in patients with lumbar stenosis of spinal canal and dural sac. The features of the metabolism of the extracellular matrix (ECM) were revealed, the data obtained were compared with those for previously studied candidate genes. The search for relationships with the features of the ECM metabolic characteristics was carried out.The aim. To study the expression of genes of metalloproteinases and their tissue inhibitors in intraoperative biopsies of the Ligamentum flavum of patients with lumbar stenosis of the spinal canal and dural sac.Materials and methods. A group of 33 people (17 women, 16 men) with lumbar stenosis of the spinal canal and dural sac was studied; the average age is 45.73 ± 1.95 years. RNA was isolated from intraoperative biopsies of the Ligamentum flavum, reverse transcription was performed, and PCR using specific primers was performed.Results. In Ligamentum flavum of patients with stenosing processes of the spinal canal and dural sac, an increased activity of MMP-1 and insufficient response of TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 were found; the expression of MMP-1 increased synchronously with Dio2, and both genes decreased their activity with increasing age of the patient. In patients with Ligamentum flavum ossification, the MMR-8 gene was more actively expressed, and the synthesis of the mRNA of the MMR-9 gene decreased compared to the subgroup without ossification

Activity of Parathyroid Hormone Receptor Genes in Ligamentum Flavum Biopsies of Patients with Spinal Canal and Dural Sac Stenosis at the Lumbar Level

Parathyroid hormone receptors PTH1R and PTH2R are poorly studied in the pathology of the vertebral column and may be involved in both ectopic ossification of the vertebral ligaments and fibrous growth of the extracellular matrix, as well as in other unknown processes occurring in the pathological focus. Aim. To study the expression of genes encoding parathyroid hormone receptors in intraoperative Ligamentum flavum samples of patients with stenosis of the spinal canal and the lumbar dural sac of the spine and to assess the correlation with the expression of other genes active in connective tissue in conditions of developing pathology.Materials and methods. Studies of the Ligamentum flavum were performed in 33 patients (17 women, 16 men) with stenotic processes of the spinal canal and dural sac of the lumbar spine. RNA was isolated from the biopsies using Qiagen reagents (Germany). Then reverse transcription was performed. cDNA was used for setting up a polymerase chain reaction (Promega Reagents, USA) using a CFX96 thermal cycler (Biorad, USA) with specially selected specific primers.Results. The expression of genes encoding parathyroid hormone receptors PTH1R and PTH2R was detected and evaluated for the first time in intraoperative Ligamentum flavum samples of patients with spinal canal and dural sac stenosis, and their relationship with the activity of genes encoding estradiol receptors (ESR1 and ESR2) and FGFR3 was revealed. For the first time, common features of PTH1R and PTH2R gene expression, as well as their differences, were revealed. It is proved that the intensity of expression of parathyroid hormone receptors in intraoperative Ligamentum flavum biopsies does not depend on age, gender, or the presence of bone and cartilage nodes according to MRI results. The interdependence of differential changes in the expression of genes of the receptor apparatus involved in the metabolism of Ligamentum flavum tissues was  revealed

Methodology for Estimating the Expected Cost of Engineering and Technology Innovation

The article proposes a methodology for estimating the expected cost of technical and technological innovations. The evaluation is performed in the pre-design phase of the innovation (project initiation phase). It relies on the method of analogy and is implemented based on the principle of “so was - so will be.” At the same time, the available analogues provide objective information about “how it was.” Extending this data into the future to estimate the cost of design relies on probabilistic interpretation of the available uncertainty. Uncertainty removal is accomplished using the principle of maximum entropy. This ensures the most complete consideration of the available objective information and minimizes speculation in assessing the cost of designing innovative objects. In general, the methodology proposed in the article allows obtaining objective estimates of the expected cost of designing technical and technological innovations in the standard information situation for the initiation stage of the project