Historical Poetics : Chronotopes in "Leucippe and Clitophon" and "Tom Jones"

This paper forms part of a larger, ongoing project, to investigate how certain narrative possibilities that seem to have crystallized for the first time in the ancient Greek novel have proved persistent and productive over time, undergoing subtle transformations during formative later periods in the history of the genre, notably the twelfth century (simultaneously in Old French and in Byzantine Greek) and the eighteenth (the time when, according to a narrower definition, the novel is said to originate). For the present, my more limited aim is to revisit the two main essays in which Bakhtin’s theory of the chronotope (and of the “historical poetics” of the novel) are developed, and to extrapolate what seem to me to the most significant and productive lines of his approach, both in general, and with specific reference to the ancient Greek novel. I will then attempt simultaneously to apply and to modify Bakhtin’s model, in the light of a reading of Achilles Tatius’ Leucippe and Clitophon and with reference to previous critiques. The final part of the paper examines how this approach can be productive for a reading of a much later text, often regarded as “foundational” for the modern development of the genre, especially in English, Fielding’s Tom Jones (1749)

Time for a common European effort on raw materials. CEPS Policy Brief No. 261, December 2011

In this latest Policy Brief on raw materials, CEPS Associate Research Fellow Roderick Kefferputz takes stock of some of the current developments in commodity markets. Almost a year after the publication of the European Commission’s Communication on Raw Materials, he finds that new circumstances have advanced a misplaced optimism and the pursuit of national interests by EU member states, which impede common European efforts to secure natural resources

Growth of Streptococcus bovis and a Butyrivibrio in batch and continuous culture and the relationship of molar growth yield to intermicrobial competition : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Microbiology.

Cell growth yield of Streptococcus bovis and Butyrivibrio were determined in batch cultures where growth was separately limited by glucose, CO2 and trypticase. With bovis, glucose limited growth and a Yg of 39.6 g / M in the presence of excess CO2 was determined. S. bovis grew in the absence of CO2 , but the Yg was reduced to 16.5 g / M. In the presence of excess CO2 the Yg determined for Butyrivibrio was 55 g / M. Butyrivibrio was strictly limited by CO2 and the YCO2 was equal to Yg. This led to the suggestion that CO2 metabolism allows the generation of at least two additional ATP when combined with glucose metabolism for both organisms. Monod growth constants were determined for both organisms in continuous culture under glucose limitation. Ks and μmax for S. bovis were 0.429 mM / 1 and 2.47 hr-1 , respectively. For Butyrivibrio, Ks and μmax were 0.332 mM / 1 and 0.704 hr-1 , respectively. The cell growth yields for S. bovis and Butyrivibrio were determined to be 39.6 g / M and 69.1 g / M, respectively. At growth rates less than 0.2 hr-1 colony forming units and total cell counts of S. bovis decreased, but cell yield did not. Colony forming units, total counts and cell growth yield of Butyrivibrio did not decrease at low growth rates. When S. bovis and Butyrivibrio were grown in continuous mixed culture, Butyrivibrio dominated at growth rates below 0.5 hr-1 and growth of S. bovis was strongly depressed. That Butyrivibrio dominated mixed cultures supports the proposition that an organism deriving more ATP per mole of substrate that another will dominate in environments comparable with continuous culture. The roles of maintenance energy, Ks and μmax and cell yield in competition are considered

Some aspects of soil physics applicable to trickle irrigation : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Soil Science at Massey University

Irrigation of crops is one of the more widely used techniques to increase yeilds. Trickle irrigation is one such method and is more suited to horticultural crops. In New Zealand, with horticulture assuming more importance, appropriate methods of design and operation of trickle irrigation systems are required. In this study a simple approximation to Wooding's solution for steady infiltration from a shallow ponded source, much like that found under trickle emitters is examined. This may aid in irrigation design and practice. The approximation also allowed for the development of a method to concurrently measure the saturated hydraulic conductivity and sorptivity from simple field infiltration measurements with a minimum of soil disturbance. Saturated hydraulic conductivities and sorptivities are of great use in soil water studies in general. A commercial trickle irrigation system was also examined to determine the suitability of such irrigation systems to particular soils, and to examine the present irrigation scheduling. The approximation to Wooding's solution was found to perform well in the field in many respects, particularly in determining steady ponded zone sizes. Ponded zone sizes are important in that they control the volume of soil wetted by irrigation to a large degree. Much of this agreement is due to the use of parameters determined by the simple field method developed from this theory. Sorptivities and saturated hydraulic conductivities obtained by this method were found to be more realistic for trickle irrigation than those determined by other existing methods. Systematic errors in these other methods, mainly soil disturbance and the concomitant creation of continuous flow paths for water, as well as soil smearing, are thought to be the main cause of this difference. Temporal and spatial variation in soil physical properties are however, found to hinder the use of soil physics theory in the field. Macropores (due to soil biological activity) were found to profoundly influence infiltration processes and soil-water distribution. These effects were particularly marked for the site with a commercial trickle irrigation system. Here the efficiency of the present system is thought to be low, and evidence indicates that irrigation was in excess of plant requirements. The utility of Wooding's solution, and the method to measure soil physical parameters developed from this, is further demonstrated in this orchard