Beyond Same Sex Attraction: Gender Variant Based Victimization is Associated with Suicidal Behavior and Substance Use for Other Sex Attracted Adolescents

Gender-variant-based victimization is victimization based on the way others perceive an individual to convey masculine, feminine, and androgynous characteristics through their appearance, mannerisms, and behaviors. Previous work identifies gender-variant-based victimization as a risk factor for health-risking outcomes among same-sex attracted youths. The current study seeks to examine this relationship among other-sex attracted youths and same-sex attracted youth, and determine if gender-variant-based victimization is similarly or differentially associated with poor outcomes between these two groups. Anonymous data from a school-based survey of 2,438 racially diverse middle and high school students in the Eastern U.S. was examined. For other-sex attracted adolescents, gender-variantbased victimization was associated with a higher odds of suicidal thoughts and behaviors, regular use of cigarettes, and drug use. When compared to same-sex attracted adolescents, the harmful relationship between gender-variant-based victimization and each of these outcomes was similar in nature. These findings suggest that gender-variant-based victimization has potentially serious implications for the psychological wellbeing and substance use of other-sex attracted adolescents, not just same-sex attracted adolescents, supporting the need to address gender expression as a basis for victimization separate from sexuality- or gender-minority status. The impact that gender-variant-based victimization has on all adolescents should not be overlooked in research and interventions aimed at addressing sexual orientation-based and gender-variant-based victimization, substance use, and suicide prevention

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Beyond Same-Sex Attraction: Gender-Variant-Based Victimization Is Associated with Suicidal Behavior and Substance Use for Other-Sex Attracted Adolescents.

Gender-variant-based victimization is victimization based on the way others perceive an individual to convey masculine, feminine, and androgynous characteristics through their appearance, mannerisms, and behaviors. Previous work identifies gender-variant-based victimization as a risk factor for health-risking outcomes among same-sex attracted youths. The current study seeks to examine this relationship among other-sex attracted youths and same-sex attracted youth, and determine if gender-variant-based victimization is similarly or differentially associated with poor outcomes between these two groups. Anonymous data from a school-based survey of 2,438 racially diverse middle and high school students in the Eastern U.S. was examined. For other-sex attracted adolescents, gender-variant-based victimization was associated with a higher odds of suicidal thoughts and behaviors, regular use of cigarettes, and drug use. When compared to same-sex attracted adolescents, the harmful relationship between gender-variant-based victimization and each of these outcomes was similar in nature. These findings suggest that gender-variant-based victimization has potentially serious implications for the psychological wellbeing and substance use of other-sex attracted adolescents, not just same-sex attracted adolescents, supporting the need to address gender expression as a basis for victimization separate from sexuality- or gender-minority status. The impact that gender-variant-based victimization has on all adolescents should not be overlooked in research and interventions aimed at addressing sexual orientation-based and gender-variant-based victimization, substance use, and suicide prevention

The effects of student violence against school employees on employee burnout and work engagement: the roles of perceived school unsafety and transformational leadership

Victimization of school staff by students is a serious topic that receives scant attention. In this study, we quantified acts of student violence against school staff in one large school district in the Northeastern U.S. and examined the extent to which this type of victimization is associated with burnout and work engagement. We also examined a potential mediator (staff members’ perceptions of safety at school) and moderator (staff member’s perceptions of school leadership) of the relationship between victimization and both burnout and work engagement. These research questions were considered using cross-sectional, self-report data from 728 employees who responded to an anonymous, online survey. Consistent with our hypotheses, victimization was positively associated with burnout and negatively associated with work engagement. In addition, staff perceptions of school unsafety partially mediated the relationship between victimization and both burnout and work engagement, whereas transformational leadership buffered the effect of student violence against school employees on perceived school unsafety and work engagement. These results support the notion that student violence against school employees can be considered a job demand, whereas transformational leadership may act as a job resource. Moreover, our findings suggest that workplace safety perceptions can be a mediating mechanism between job demands and well-being outcomes

Results of logistic regression models to test hypothesis 2 and 3.

<p>Notes: exp(<u><i>B</i></u>) = exponentiated estimate, CI = confidence interval, RERI = relative excess risk due to interaction.</p><p>Attraction is coded 1 if same-sex attracted, 0 if other-sex attracted. Victimization is coded 1 if victimized, 0 if not victimized.</p><p>95% CI exp(<u><i>B</i></u>) is statistically significant when the CI doesn't include 1.</p><p>95% CI RERI is statistically significant when the CI doesn't include 0.</p><p>Results of logistic regression models to test hypothesis 2 and 3.</p

Prevalence of suicidal and substance using behaviors as a function of attraction.

<p>^aDenotes a significant difference in the proportion of the health-risking behavior compared with students who are other-sex attracted.</p><p>Prevalence of suicidal and substance using behaviors as a function of attraction.</p

Prevalence of suicidal and substance using behaviors as a function of attraction and gender-variant-based victimization.

<p>^aDenotes a significant difference in the proportion of other-sex attracted students experiencing victimization, <i>Χ</i>² (1, n = 2263) = 5.85, <i>p</i> <.05.</p><p>^bDenotes a significant difference in the prevalence of the health-risking behavior by victimization status within attraction type, NS = not significant.</p><p>Prevalence of suicidal and substance using behaviors as a function of attraction and gender-variant-based victimization.</p

Prevalence of suicidal and substance using behaviors as a function of sex for other-sex attracted students.

<p>^aDenotes a significant difference in the proportion of the health-risking behavior compared with students who are males.</p><p>Prevalence of suicidal and substance using behaviors as a function of sex for other-sex attracted students.</p