107 research outputs found
Swift Neighbors and Persistent Strangers: A CrossâCultural Investigation of Trust and Reciprocity in Social Exchange
In four countries, levels of trust and reciprocity in direct-reciprocal exchange are compared with those in network-generalized exchanges among experimentally manipulated groupsâ members (neighbors) or random experimental participants (strangers). Results show that cooperation decreases as social distance increases; and, that identical network-generalized exchanges generate different amounts of trusting behavior due solely to manipulated social identity between the actors. This study demonstrates the interaction of culture and social identity on the propensity to trust and reciprocate and also reveals differing relationships between trust and reciprocation in each of the four countries, bringing into question the theoretical relationship between these cooperative behaviors
Scientific Standards of Psychological Practice: Issues and Recommendations
This volume was a result of a three-day conference held in Reno at the University of Nevada January 6-9, 1995. The conference was organized by the editors of this volume, along with Todd R. Risley. It brought together national leaders in applied psychology to explore the implications of scientific-based standards of practice. The conference attendees addressed such questions as: can we create such standards? Should we do it? How should it be done? What are some of the problems to be solved and pitfalls to be avoided? This volume challenges the discipline to begin to ensure that scientific knowledge is actually used in clinical practice
A Case for Humans-in-the-Loop: Decisions in the Presence of Erroneous Algorithmic Scores
The increased use of algorithmic predictions in sensitive domains has been
accompanied by both enthusiasm and concern. To understand the opportunities and
risks of these technologies, it is key to study how experts alter their
decisions when using such tools. In this paper, we study the adoption of an
algorithmic tool used to assist child maltreatment hotline screening decisions.
We focus on the question: Are humans capable of identifying cases in which the
machine is wrong, and of overriding those recommendations? We first show that
humans do alter their behavior when the tool is deployed. Then, we show that
humans are less likely to adhere to the machine's recommendation when the score
displayed is an incorrect estimate of risk, even when overriding the
recommendation requires supervisory approval. These results highlight the risks
of full automation and the importance of designing decision pipelines that
provide humans with autonomy.Comment: Accepted at ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (ACM
CHI), 202
Social Preferences and the Efficiency of Bilateral Exchange
Under what conditions do social preferences, such as altruism or a concern for fair outcomes, generate efficient trade? I analyze theoretically a simple bilateral exchange game: Each player sequentially takes an action that reduces his own material payoff but increases the other playerâs. Each playerâs preferences may depend on both his/her own material payoff and the other playerâs. I identify necessary conditions and sufficient conditions on the playersâ preferences for the outcome of their interaction to be Pareto efficient. The results have implications for interpreting the rotten kid theorem, gift exchange in the laboratory, and gift exchange in the field
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