An investigation of adsorbed species and related model compounds by inelastic neutron scattering spectroscopy

The theory of Inelastic Neutron Scattering (INS) Spectroscopy is outlined, and the spectrometers employed in the study of low frequency (< 1500cm(^-1)) vibrations of hydrogen-containing molecules described. Square planar platinum-ethylene complexes of the general form trans-PtCl(_2)(C(_2)H(_4)).L and cis-PtCl(_2)C(_2)H(_4)).L (where L is a Ligand) have been investigated by INS spectroscopy, and assignments made of their spectra below 850cm(^-1). In all cases, a frequency was found representing the torsion of the ethylene group about an axis projected from the platinum atom through the centre of the C=C band, and the barrier to this rotation calculated. INS active modes of Co(_2)(CO)(_6).C(_2)H(_2) (O-1450cm(_1)) have been tentatively, identified, and a value for the barrier to the rotation of the acetylene molecule about an axis running through the mid-points of the Co-Co and C=C bonds derived. INS spectra of C(_2)H(_4) and C(_2)D(_4), adsorbed at two overpressures onto silver exchanged type A (Ag(_12)A) zeolite have been measured. On this basis of deuteration shifts and relative intensities, all three torsional modesand two of the three translational modes expected for the ethylene moleculerelative to a silver ion have been assigned. In addition, several weak spectroscopic features appeared to indicate the presence of a secondless populated adsorption site. C(_2)H(_2) and C(_2)D(_2) adsorbed onto Ag(_12)A zeolite at one overpressure have been studied by INS spectroscopy. All six predicted acetylene-surface modes were observed, the presence of the torsional vibration of the acetylene molecule about an axis running parallel to the C=C bond indicating the adsorbed molecule to be non-linear. Finally , INS spectra of the complexes Cr(C(_6)H(_6))(_2), Cr(C(_6)H(_6)(_2)I, C(_6)H)(_6)Cr(CO)(_3) and C(_6)H(_6)Mn(CO)(_3) Br have been recorded in the region 0-900(^1). Assignments have been attempted and, wherever possible, the barrier to the rotation of the benzene ligand (s) about the six - fold axis calculated

Ontario Hydro And Rural Electrification In Old Ontario, 1911-1958: Policies And Issues

This thesis, based mainly on provincial and federal government and Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario (HEPC) records, seeks to show how electricity was provided to the rural residents of Ontario. The first rural customers were added to the Commission\u27s lines in 1912, and Hydro\u27s engineers spent several years thereafter devising new applications of electricity for farm residents. Hydro tried, moreover, to create a rural rate schedule that conformed with its dictum of providing power at cost on an equal basis to all. By 1920, the HEPC was organizing Rural Power Districts, the administrative foundation on which its rural program would be built.;Agrarian and small town discontent over the slow progress and high cost of Hydro\u27s rural service was partially placated by the decision of E. C. Drury\u27s Farmer-Labour government in 1921 to use provincial funds to pay half of all rural primary transmission line construction costs. Three years later, the grants-in-aid were extended to include secondary lines. During the Great Depression, Hydro and the Ferguson, Henry and Hepburn governments were able to sustain the moderate growth achieved in the Rural System during the 1920s. However, changes such as service charge reductions, low interest loans, free power, and shorter service contracts produced mixed results. Then, in 1941, wartime materials and power restrictions imposed by the Dominion government brought the HEPC\u27s rural construction program to an abrupt halt.;The Commission spent the war years tinkering with rate schedules, reorganizing the Rural Power Districts, and repelling the latest in a series of flat rate agitations that dated back to 1918. In 1946, urged on by the Progressive Conservative government of George Drew, the HEPC launched a Five-Year Plan of Post-War Rural Hydro Development. The plan\u27s objective of 85% farm electrification was achieved in just four years, but rural extensions continued apace until 1958. In that year the provincial grant-in-aid was rescinded in Old Ontario, that is to say in the area of the province south of Lake Nipissing. While much of rural Ontario was not served by Ontario Hydro until after World War II, the thesis nonetheless makes the case that the publicly-owned utility was a world leader in the field of rural electrification

Connecting science to the economic: Accounting calculation and the visibility of research and development

The presence or absence of scientific research in productive organizations is a subject of professional concern to the scientific and engineering community, and of wider interest to political agencies in the United Kingdom. This paper will explore aspects of the economic visibility of scientific practices in productive organizations: how, by whom, and in what contexts research and development practices have been constructed, monitored, and disseminated as economic statistics within and beyond the modern industrial enterprise. The paper will focus on the construction of scientific practices as accounting and economic signifiers within their organizational context: the growth of mechanisms for the connection of scientific practices to economic calculations. How companies account for R&D has been elevated by particular government agencies through the accountancy bodies, as a way of forging a relationship between economic calculation and the scientific practices of U.K. companies

Response to comment on "solid recovered fuel: Materials flow analysis and fuel property development during the mechanical processing of biodried waste"

Laner and Cencic1 comment on Velis et al. (2013)2 clarifying certain points on the use of the material flow analysis (MFA) software STAN3. We welcome the correspondence and the opportunity this exchange provides to discuss optimal approaches to using STAN. In keeping with Velis et al.2 these physically impossible, and otherwise insignificant, negative flows have enabled improvements to STAN. Here, we elaborate on the practicalities of using STAN in our research and on the correctness and validation of our results, notwithstanding the inclusion of negative flows. We explain the contribution of our approach to solid waste management and resource recovery

A novel transport assimilation method for the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation at 26°N

One of the prerequisites for achieving skill in decadal climate prediction is to initialize and predict the circulation in the Atlantic Ocean successfully. The RAPID array measures the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (MOC) at 26°N. Here we develop a method to include these observations in the Met Office Decadal Prediction System (DePreSys). The proposed method uses covariances of overturning transport anomalies at 26°N with ocean temperature and salinity anomalies throughout the ocean to create the density structure necessary to reproduce the observed transport anomaly. Assimilating transport alone in this way effectively reproduces the observed transport anomalies at 26°N and is better than using basin-wide temperature and salinity observations alone. However, when the transport observations are combined with in situ temperature and salinity observations in the analysis, the transport is not currently reproduced so well. The reasons for this are investigated using pseudo-observations in a twin experiment framework. Sensitivity experiments show that the MOC on monthly time-scales, at least in the HadCM3 model, is modulated by a mechanism where non-local density anomalies appear to be more important for transport variability at 26°N than local density gradients

Can the boundary profiles at 26° N be used to extract buoyancy-forced Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation signals?

The temporal variability of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is driven both by direct wind stresses and by the buoyancy-driven formation of North Atlantic Deep Water over the Labrador and Nordic Seas. In many models low frequency density variability down the western boundary of the Atlantic basin is linked to changes in the buoyancy forcing over the Atlantic Sub-Polar Gyre (SPG) region, and this is found to explain part of the geostrophic AMOC variability 10 at 26N. In this study, using different experiments with an OGCM, we develop statistical methods to identify characteristic vertical density profiles at 26N at the western and eastern boundaries which relate to the buoyancy-forced AMOC. We show that density anomalies due to anomalous buoyancy forcing over the SPG propagate equatorward along the western Atlantic boundary, through 26N, and then eastward along the equator, and poleward up the eastern Atlantic boundary. The timing of the density anomalies appearing at the western and eastern boundaries at 26N reveals ~2-3 years lags between boundaries 15 along deeper levels (2600-3000m). Record lengths of more than 26 years are required at the WB to allow the buoyancy forced signals to appear in as the dominant EOF mode. Results suggest that the depth structure of the signals, and the lagged covariances between the boundaries at 26N, may both provide useful information for detecting propagating signals of high latitude origin in more complex models, and potentially in the observational RAPID array. However, time filtering may be needed, together with the continuation of the RAPID program in order to extend the time period

Institutions in transition: legitimisation and cognition in the educational field

The purpose of this paper is to examine the consequences of accounting intervention into institutionalized organizations in transition. The context for the study was the implementation of the 1988 Education Reform Act in England and Wales, known as the Local Management of Schools (LMS) Initiative, which devolved budgets from Local Education Authorities (LEAs) to individual schools. We develop the argument that the emergence of new accounting practices in institutions and the accompanying process of re-institutionalization is not inconsequential, but detail rather the accounting’s re-presentation of teachers as costs does accompany a re-distribution of the authority and resources in schools and LEAs, thus implying that administrative changes and organizational actions are not decoupled. Our case study of institutional change focuses as an illustration on the example of school ‘carry forwards’ (budget under-spends) as we analyze the ability of accounting practices to influence legitimacy and cognition by stimulating new debates, according them increased visibility and endowing them with significance. We assess the contribution of our study to the further development of neo-institutionalist theory; in particular, we consider the new problems of cognitive legitimacy that arose between LEAs and schools, and examine their implications for institutionalized organizations

Early antenatal prediction of gestational diabetes in obese women: development of prediction tools for targeted intervention

All obese women are categorised as being of equally high risk of gestational diabetes (GDM) whereas the majority do not develop the disorder. Lifestyle and pharmacological interventions in unselected obese pregnant women have been unsuccessful in preventing GDM. Our aim was to develop a prediction tool for early identification of obese women at high risk of GDM to facilitate targeted interventions in those most likely to benefit. Clinical and anthropometric data and non-fasting blood samples were obtained at 15+0–18+6 weeks’ gestation in 1303 obese pregnant women from UPBEAT, a randomised controlled trial of a behavioural intervention. Twenty one candidate biomarkers associated with insulin resistance, and a targeted nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolome were measured. Prediction models were constructed using stepwise logistic regression. Twenty six percent of women (n = 337) developed GDM (International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups criteria). A model based on clinical and anthropometric variables (age, previous GDM, family history of type 2 diabetes, systolic blood pressure, sum of skinfold thicknesses, waist:height and neck:thigh ratios) provided an area under the curve of 0.71 (95%CI 0.68–0.74). This increased to 0.77 (95%CI 0.73–0.80) with addition of candidate biomarkers (random glucose, haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), fructosamine, adiponectin, sex hormone binding globulin, triglycerides), but was not improved by addition of NMR metabolites (0.77; 95%CI 0.74–0.81). Clinically translatable models for GDM prediction including readily measurable variables e.g. mid-arm circumference, age, systolic blood pressure, HbA1c and adiponectin are described. Using a ≥35% risk threshold, all models identified a group of high risk obese women of whom approximately 50% (positive predictive value) later developed GDM, with a negative predictive value of 80%. Tools for early pregnancy identification of obese women at risk of GDM are described which could enable targeted interventions for GDM prevention in women who will benefit the most

Diversity and the accounting profession

In accounting, like other professions in the UK, traditional beliefs about the ideal professional, such as the ability to work long hours and prioritise commercial relationship building, have long privileged the career progression of white males. Efforts to tackle exclusionary practices and improve representativeness, particularly among the senior elite within professions, are continuing. The rationales to do so are compelling. First, this is a legal imperative. The Equality Act 2010 and a raft of subsequent legislation prohibit workplace discrimination and unfair practices. Second, widening access to professions, and in turn enhancing social mobility, is seen as the ethical thing to do (Milburn Report 2009). Third, the business case for diversity suggests that creating a fair place to work has commercial benefits, too. While the accounting profession is responding to the diversity agenda, the overall picture we have seen regarding responses and outcomes is uneven, especially around change management at more senior levels. Our research aims to provide a view on how accounting firms are addressing diversity. It acts as a reference point for practitioners responding to this agenda, as well as a basis for further academic research. We interviewed 50 individuals from accounting firms of all sizes across the UK, all of whom were at different stages of their career or who had left practice, as well as professional bodies and NGOs. We also carried out a survey. We examined common responses to legal responsibilities and asked about how diversity is being understood and how diversity policies are enacted in the workplace. We also identified issues and pressure points/systemic barriers that limit the potential of diversity initiatives, and carried out a survey across UK accounting professional bodies