Efektivitas Removal Massa Gas Karbon Dioksida (CO2) Yang Dihasilkan Lumpur Tinja Dari Tangki Septik Dengan Menggunakan Media Briket Arang Dan Kapur Tohor

Pemakaian tangki septik dapat menghasilkan gas rumah kaca terutama CO2. Karena itu tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengkaji efektivitas reduksi gas CO2 dengan dua jenis media yaitu, briket arang dan kapur tohor. Penelitian ini dimulai dengan tahap pendahuluan untuk mengamati produksi gas dari lumpur tinja yang berasal dari IPLT Keputih, yang dimasukkan ke dalam botol gelas 1 L selama 2 hari. Tahap utama penelitian kemudian dilakukan dengan memasang media briket arang dengan variasi massa 2, 4, 6, dan 8 gram untuk menyerap CO2 yang dihasilkan. Penelitian ini kemudian diulang dengan mengganti media briket arang oleh kapur tohor dengan variasi massa yang sama. Konsentrasi media dan lumpur tinja sendiri tidak dihitung. Setelah dilakukan analisis maka didapatkan efektivitas removal massa gas CO2 paling besar oleh kedua jenis media adalah dengan variasi massa 2 gram, masing-masing sebesar 515,9 g CO2/g briket arang dan 46,2 g CO2/g kapur tohor

Biomethanol from Glycerol

Medical bioinformatic

Cutaneous leiomyosarcoma arising in a smallpox scar

BACKGROUND: Cutaneous leiomyosarcoma (CLM) is a very rare smooth muscle tumour that accounts for about 2–3% of all superficial soft tissue sarcomas. Although the development of various malignancies in scar tissue is well known, we report the first case of a CLM developing in a small pox scar. CASE PRESENTATION: A 66-year-old man presented with a painless, slow-growing lump in a small pox scar on his left shoulder. Histological biopsies showed the lesion to be a primary, well-differentiated cutaneous leiomyosarcoma. A CT scan of the thorax was conducted, which showed no signs of metastases. The complete lesion was then surgically excised, and histopathological examination revealed a radically excised cutaneous type leiomyosarcoma After 13 months’ review the patient was doing well with no evidence of tumour recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report of a CLM arising in a small pox scar. Although the extended time interval between scarring and malignant changes makes it difficult to advise strict follow-up for patients with small pox scars, one should be aware that atypical changes and/or symptoms occurring in a small pox scar could potentially mean malignant transformation

Characterisation of Ta-based barrier films on SiLK for Cu-metalisation

Structures with Ta, TaxN1-x, Ta90C10, Ta95Si5 on SiLK were tested using in-situ 4- point probe resistance measurements during annealing up to 400oC. The change in normalized resistance by a factor of up to 2.58 was attributed to oxygen diffusion out of SiLK layer into the barriers. No direct chemical reaction between hydrocarbons from the SiLK and the barriers was observed. The concentration coefficient of resistivity for O in Ta was calculated to be 6.7μΩ*cm/at % for pure Ta and 2.65 μΩ*cm/at % in TaxN1-x with x=0.90-0.9

On the causal interpretation of rate-change methods:the prior event rate ratio and rate difference

A growing number of studies use data before and after treatment initiation in groups exposed to different treatment strategies to estimate "causal effects" using a ratio measure called the prior event rate ratio (PERR). Here, we offer a causal interpretation for PERR and its additive scale analog, the prior event rate difference (PERD). We show that causal interpretation of these measures requires untestable rate-change assumptions about the relationship between (1) the change of the counterfactual ratebefore and after treatment initiation in the treated group under hypothetical intervention to implement the control treatment; and (2) the change of the factual rate before and after treatment initiation in the control group. The rate-change assumption is on the multiplicative scale for PERR, but on the additive scale for PERD; the two assumptions hold simultaneously under testable, but unlikely, conditions. Even if investigators can pick the most appropriate scale, the relevant rate-change assumption may not hold exactly, so we describe sensitivity analysis methods to examine how assumption violations of different magnitudes would affect study results. We illustrate the methods using data from a published study of proton pump inhibitors and pneumonia

Atomic layer deposition of W_1.5N barrier films for Cu Metallization

An atomic layer deposition process to grow tungsten nitride films was established at 350 degrees C with a pulse sequence of WF6/NH3/C2H4/SiH4/NH3. The film composition was determined with Rutherford backscattering as W1.5N, being a mixture of WN and W2N phases. The growth rate was similar to 1 x 10(15) W atom/cm(2) per cycle (monolayer of W2N or WN). The films with a thickness of 16 nm showed root-mean-square roughness as low as 0.43-0.76 nm. The resistivity of the films was stable after 50 cycles at a value of 480 mu Omega cm. Results of four-point probe sheet resistance measurements at elevated temperature demonstrated that our films are nonreactive with Cu at least up to 500 degrees C. Results of I-V measurements of p(+)/n diodes before and after heat-treatment in (N-2 + 5% H-2) ambient at 400 degrees C for 30 min confirmed excellent diffusion barrier properties of the films. (c) 2005 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved

Structuring AHP-based maintenance policy selection

We aim to structure the maintenance policy selection process for ships, using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Maintenance is an important contributor to reach the intended life-time of capital technical assets, and it is gaining increasing interest and relevance. A maintenance policy is a policy that dictates which parameter triggers a maintenance action and it appears that selecting the right maintenance policy is a difficult group decision. To investigate maintenance policy selection (MPS), we use an eight stage method to structure the multiple criteria decision making process, and build on previous research to propose a refined decision hierarchy, aiming for a structured abstraction of MPS to reveal the core of the MPS problem. After a preliminary MPS session, this decision hierarchy is applied at a multi-company MPS session, where a group of companies from the same maintenance chain is present. We conclude that the chosen methodology, using our previous results as a starting point, greatly improves the workability of the decision hierarchy. Also, it turns out that discussing the exact meanings of the criteria plays a crucial role in the group decision process