Sensory Priming: The olfaction as an attention inducer

In this study, we investigated the influence of the olfactive stimulus on visual attention. Two groups of 30 subjects participated in two experiments. Both experiments presented two arrays of fruits stimulus intercalated by an olfactive intervention. The stimulus was received in the form of images by the first group and in the form of words by the second group. An eye-tracking device monitored the timekeeping of visual attention dispensed in each stimulus. The results showed that olfactive priming influenced visual attention in both cases but with a greater degree in the images stimulus group. This study shows for the first time that image information is more susceptible to priming olfactive information than wording information. This effect may be associated with the formation of mental images in working memory, aroused by fragrances

Development of a synthetic analogue of neolignan entraped in polimeric microparticles for Tuberculosis therapy

Apesar da existência de uma quimioterapia, a tuberculose (TB) ainda permanece como uma das principais causas de mortalidade no mundo, especialmente nos países em desenvolvimento, em grande parte devido à epidemia da AIDS. Geralmente, a atual terapia da TB é eficiente, no entanto, ela implica em um longo tratamento com efeitos colaterais não desejáveis e consequentemente com pouca adesão. Tem sido relatada uma crescente incidência de cepas de Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistentes a múltiplos fármacos, sendo que uma das maiores razões para isso é a terapia ineficaz, provavelmente devido à carência na adesão. Portanto, a busca por novos fármacos e com o desenvolvimento de uma terapia eficiente para a TB, que aumente a adesão do paciente e reduza o surgimento de cepas resistentes á múltiplos fármacos é muito importante. A microencapsulação pode ser usada de forma segura para a liberação sistêmica de fármacos e também para direcionar a ação para o sítio de infecção. Dessa forma, um análogo sintético de neolignana (ASN) que apresentou destacada aitividade in vitro contra o M. tuberculosis foi encapsulado em micropartículas de co-polímeros do ácido lático e glicólico (PLGA) para a liberação sustentada deste composto. Tipos diferentes de micropartículas de PLGA contendo este fármaco foram desenvolvidas pela técnica de evaporação de solvente e posteriormente, elas foram avaliadas. A formulação contendo o ASN que exibiu a melhor eficiência de encapsulação e também demonstrou uma liberação sustentada foi verificada em um modelo de camundongo infectado com TB. O tratamento com as formulações de micropartículas resultou em uma depuração dos bacilos comparado aos controles. Além disso, os resultados da análise de cortes histológicos sugerem que estas formulações não induzem a nenhuma hepatotoxicidade. Estes resultados demonstraram a possibilidade de se usar formulações de micropartículas contendo o ASN para a obtenção de resultados efetivos em modelos murinos de TB, e indicaram o potencial do ASN como um novo fármaco antimicobacteriano.Despite the existence of chemotherapy, tuberculosis (TB) still remains a leading cause of mortality of worldwide, especially in the developing countries, in part due to the AIDS epidemic. Current therapy of TB is generally effective, however, it involves a long course of treatment with unwanted side effects and consequently with poor compliance. An increasing incidence of multiple-drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MDR-TB) has been related and one of the major reasons for this is inefficient therapy, probably due to lack of compliance. Thus, it is very important to search for new drugs with a development of an effective therapy for TB that improves patient compliance and reduces the emergency of MDR-TB. Microencapsulation technology can be used to safely deliver drugs systemically and target drugs to the site of infection. In this way, a synthetic analogue of a neolignan (SAN) that had a remarkable in vitro activity against M. tuberculosis was entrapped in poly (D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microparticles for sustained delivery of this compound. Different types of PLGA microparticles containing this drug were developed by the solvent evaporation technique and then they were evaluated. A microparticle formulation containing the SAN that exhibited the best entrapment efficiency and also showed a sustained release was assessed in an infect mouse model of TB. Treatment with the microparticles formulation resulted in a clereance of bacilli compared to the controls. Besides that, results suggest that these formulations do not induce any hepatotoxicity on a histopathology basis. These results demonstrated the ability to use microparticles formulations containing SAN to achieve effective results in a murine TB model and indicate the potencial of SAN as a novel antimycobacterial drug

Development of a synthetic analogue of neolignan entraped in polimeric microparticles for Tuberculosis therapy

Apesar da existência de uma quimioterapia, a tuberculose (TB) ainda permanece como uma das principais causas de mortalidade no mundo, especialmente nos países em desenvolvimento, em grande parte devido à epidemia da AIDS. Geralmente, a atual terapia da TB é eficiente, no entanto, ela implica em um longo tratamento com efeitos colaterais não desejáveis e consequentemente com pouca adesão. Tem sido relatada uma crescente incidência de cepas de Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistentes a múltiplos fármacos, sendo que uma das maiores razões para isso é a terapia ineficaz, provavelmente devido à carência na adesão. Portanto, a busca por novos fármacos e com o desenvolvimento de uma terapia eficiente para a TB, que aumente a adesão do paciente e reduza o surgimento de cepas resistentes á múltiplos fármacos é muito importante. A microencapsulação pode ser usada de forma segura para a liberação sistêmica de fármacos e também para direcionar a ação para o sítio de infecção. Dessa forma, um análogo sintético de neolignana (ASN) que apresentou destacada aitividade in vitro contra o M. tuberculosis foi encapsulado em micropartículas de co-polímeros do ácido lático e glicólico (PLGA) para a liberação sustentada deste composto. Tipos diferentes de micropartículas de PLGA contendo este fármaco foram desenvolvidas pela técnica de evaporação de solvente e posteriormente, elas foram avaliadas. A formulação contendo o ASN que exibiu a melhor eficiência de encapsulação e também demonstrou uma liberação sustentada foi verificada em um modelo de camundongo infectado com TB. O tratamento com as formulações de micropartículas resultou em uma depuração dos bacilos comparado aos controles. Além disso, os resultados da análise de cortes histológicos sugerem que estas formulações não induzem a nenhuma hepatotoxicidade. Estes resultados demonstraram a possibilidade de se usar formulações de micropartículas contendo o ASN para a obtenção de resultados efetivos em modelos murinos de TB, e indicaram o potencial do ASN como um novo fármaco antimicobacteriano.Despite the existence of chemotherapy, tuberculosis (TB) still remains a leading cause of mortality of worldwide, especially in the developing countries, in part due to the AIDS epidemic. Current therapy of TB is generally effective, however, it involves a long course of treatment with unwanted side effects and consequently with poor compliance. An increasing incidence of multiple-drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MDR-TB) has been related and one of the major reasons for this is inefficient therapy, probably due to lack of compliance. Thus, it is very important to search for new drugs with a development of an effective therapy for TB that improves patient compliance and reduces the emergency of MDR-TB. Microencapsulation technology can be used to safely deliver drugs systemically and target drugs to the site of infection. In this way, a synthetic analogue of a neolignan (SAN) that had a remarkable in vitro activity against M. tuberculosis was entrapped in poly (D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microparticles for sustained delivery of this compound. Different types of PLGA microparticles containing this drug were developed by the solvent evaporation technique and then they were evaluated. A microparticle formulation containing the SAN that exhibited the best entrapment efficiency and also showed a sustained release was assessed in an infect mouse model of TB. Treatment with the microparticles formulation resulted in a clereance of bacilli compared to the controls. Besides that, results suggest that these formulations do not induce any hepatotoxicity on a histopathology basis. These results demonstrated the ability to use microparticles formulations containing SAN to achieve effective results in a murine TB model and indicate the potencial of SAN as a novel antimycobacterial drug

Structure activity relationship, acute toxicity and cytotoxicity of antimycobacterial neolignan analogues

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Objectives The study`s aims were to evaluate the antimycobacterial activity of 13 synthetic neolignan analogues and to perform structure activity relationship analysis (SAR). The cytotoxicity of the compound 2-phenoxy-1-phenylethanone (LS-2, 1) in mammalian cells, such as the acute toxicity in mice, was also evaluated. Methods The extra and intracellular antimycobacterial activity was evaluated on Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. Cytotoxicity studies were performed using V79 cells, J774 macrophages and rat hepatocytes. Additionally, the in-vivo acute toxicity was tested in mice. The SAR analysis was performed by Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Key findings Among the 13 analogues tested, LS-2 (1) was the most effective, showing promising antimycobacterial activity and very low cytotoxicity in V79 cells and in J774 macrophages, while no toxicity was observed in rat hepatocytes. The selectivity index (SI) of LS-2 (1) was 91 and the calculated LD50 was 1870 mg/kg, highlighting the very low toxicity in mice. SAR analysis showed that the highest electrophilicity and the lowest molar volume are physical-chemical characteristics important for the antimycobacterial activity of the LS-2 (1). Conclusions LS-2 (1) showed promising antimycobacterial activity and very weak cytotoxicity in cell culture, as well as an absence of toxicity in primary culture of hepatocytes. In the acute toxicity study there was an indication of absence of toxicity on murine models, in vivo.637936942Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Millenium InstituteREDE-TBFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

Structure activity relationship, acute toxicity and cytotoxicity of antimycobacterial neolignan analogues

Objectives The study`s aims were to evaluate the antimycobacterial activity of 13 synthetic neolignan analogues and to perform structure activity relationship analysis (SAR). The cytotoxicity of the compound 2-phenoxy-1-phenylethanone (LS-2, 1) in mammalian cells, such as the acute toxicity in mice, was also evaluated. Methods The extra and intracellular antimycobacterial activity was evaluated on Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. Cytotoxicity studies were performed using V79 cells, J774 macrophages and rat hepatocytes. Additionally, the in-vivo acute toxicity was tested in mice. The SAR analysis was performed by Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Key findings Among the 13 analogues tested, LS-2 (1) was the most effective, showing promising antimycobacterial activity and very low cytotoxicity in V79 cells and in J774 macrophages, while no toxicity was observed in rat hepatocytes. The selectivity index (SI) of LS-2 (1) was 91 and the calculated LD50 was 1870 mg/kg, highlighting the very low toxicity in mice. SAR analysis showed that the highest electrophilicity and the lowest molar volume are physical-chemical characteristics important for the antimycobacterial activity of the LS-2 (1). Conclusions LS-2 (1) showed promising antimycobacterial activity and very weak cytotoxicity in cell culture, as well as an absence of toxicity in primary culture of hepatocytes. In the acute toxicity study there was an indication of absence of toxicity on murine models, in vivo.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq)Millenium InstituteREDE-TBFundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP

Structure activity relationship, acute toxicity and cytotoxicity of antimycobacterial neolignan analogues

Objectives The study's aims were to evaluate the antimycobacterial activity of 13 synthetic neolignan analogues and to perform structure activity relationship analysis (SAR). The cytotoxicity of the compound 2-phenoxy-1-phenylethanone (LS-2, 1) in mammalian cells, such as the acute toxicity in mice, was also evaluated. Methods The extra and intracellular antimycobacterial activity was evaluated on Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. Cytotoxicity studies were performed using V79 cells, J774 macrophages and rat hepatocytes. Additionally, the in-vivo acute toxicity was tested in mice. The SAR analysis was performed by Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Key findings Among the 13 analogues tested, LS-2 (1) was the most effective, showing promising antimycobacterial activity and very low cytotoxicity in V79 cells and in J774 macrophages, while no toxicity was observed in rat hepatocytes. The selectivity index (SI) of LS-2 (1) was 91 and the calculated LD50 was 1870 mg/kg, highlighting the very low toxicity in mice. SAR analysis showed that the highest electrophilicity and the lowest molar volume are physical-chemical characteristics important for the antimycobacterial activity of the LS-2 (1). Conclusions LS-2 (1) showed promising antimycobacterial activity and very weak cytotoxicity in cell culture, as well as an absence of toxicity in primary culture of hepatocytes. In the acute toxicity study there was an indication of absence of toxicity on murine models, in vivo637936942CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQFUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESPsem informaçã

Sensory Priming: The olfaction as an attention inducer

Abstract In this study, we investigated the influence of the olfactive stimulus on visual attention. Two groups of 30 subjects participated in two experiments. Both experiments presented two arrays of fruits stimulus intercalated by an olfactive intervention. The stimulus was received in the form of images by the first group and in the form of words by the second group. An eye-tracking device monitored the timekeeping of visual attention dispensed in each stimulus. The results showed that olfactive priming influenced visual attention in both cases but with a greater degree in the images stimulus group. This study shows for the first time that image information is more susceptible to priming olfactive information than wording information. This effect may be associated with the formation of mental images in working memory, aroused by fragrances