GLM code and data file

R code to replicate GLM construction and evaluation and database used to perform the analyses

Prevalence Data

Prevalence of Bd in tungara frog populations in Panama from 2009 to 2014 in Panama in tungara frogs (z.e.= zoospore equivalents

Alignments_COI_16S_Per_comparison

Alignment of COI and 16S mitochondrial genes per comparison and per species. Two comparisons were performed, comparison 1 between Cana and Brewster (15 species) and comparison 2 between El Copé and Brewster (30 species)

Paz_et_al_locality_data_for_ENM

This excel file has georeferenced locality data used to construct ENM´s for all 30 species. It also describes wether data points were used for model training or model testing

Bioclimatic data used for ENM´s

Bioclimatic data used for model construction and projection to the last glacial maximum was obtained from the worldclim database (worldclim.org). Both present and past layers were cropped to the study area

Image_1.JPEG

<p>Research on the amphibian skin microbiota has focused on identifying bacterial taxa that deter a pathogenic chytrid fungus, and on describing patterns of microbiota variation. However, it remains unclear how environmental variation affects amphibian skin bacterial communities, and whether the overall functional diversity of the amphibian skin microbiota is associated to such variation. We sampled skin microbial communities from one dendrobatoid frog species across an environmental gradient along the Panama Canal, and from three dendrobatoid frog species before and after the onset of the wet season in one site. We found frog skin microbial alpha diversity to be highest in frogs from sites with low soil pH, but no clear effect of the onset of the wet season. However, we found frog skin microbial community structure to be affected by soil pH and the onset of the wet season, which also resulted in a decrease in between-sample variation. Across the sampled frog species, bacterial functional groups changed with the onset of the wet season, with certain bacterial functional groups entirely disappearing and others differing in their relative abundances. In particular, we found the proportion of Bd-inhibitory bacteria to correlate with mean soil pH, and to increase in two of the frog species with the onset of the wet season. Taken together, our results suggest that structure and predicted function of amphibian bacterial skin communities may be influenced by environmental variables such as pH and precipitation, site effects, and host effects.</p

Image_2.png

<p>Research on the amphibian skin microbiota has focused on identifying bacterial taxa that deter a pathogenic chytrid fungus, and on describing patterns of microbiota variation. However, it remains unclear how environmental variation affects amphibian skin bacterial communities, and whether the overall functional diversity of the amphibian skin microbiota is associated to such variation. We sampled skin microbial communities from one dendrobatoid frog species across an environmental gradient along the Panama Canal, and from three dendrobatoid frog species before and after the onset of the wet season in one site. We found frog skin microbial alpha diversity to be highest in frogs from sites with low soil pH, but no clear effect of the onset of the wet season. However, we found frog skin microbial community structure to be affected by soil pH and the onset of the wet season, which also resulted in a decrease in between-sample variation. Across the sampled frog species, bacterial functional groups changed with the onset of the wet season, with certain bacterial functional groups entirely disappearing and others differing in their relative abundances. In particular, we found the proportion of Bd-inhibitory bacteria to correlate with mean soil pH, and to increase in two of the frog species with the onset of the wet season. Taken together, our results suggest that structure and predicted function of amphibian bacterial skin communities may be influenced by environmental variables such as pH and precipitation, site effects, and host effects.</p

<i>Bd</i> prevalence and infection intensity per site and year in Túngara frog (<i>Physalaemus [Engystomops] pustulosus</i>) populations sampled in this study (n = number of individuals sampled; Positive = number of individuals detected positive for <i>Bd</i>; 95% CI = 95% binomial distribution confidence intervals; Average intensity = average of number of zoospore equivalents in infected frogs per population).

<p>Sites are arranged west to east by longitude.</p

<i>Bd</i> Prevalence and infection intensity among three lowland species of frogs.

<p><b>CI 95%  = </b> Confidence intervals based on 95% confidence.</p><p><b>a = </b>Infection prevalence = % of infected individuals.</p><p><b>b = </b>Average number of zoospore equivalents on infected individuals according to JEL423 standards.</p

Map of Panamá showing the sites where <i>Bd</i> has been detected in previous studies and this study.

<p>The year next to each black circle shows the date when <i>Bd</i> was <b>first</b> detected on each site. <b>a</b> = Fortuna <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0095484#pone.0095484-Berger2" target="_blank">[8]</a>; <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0095484#pone.0095484-Lips4" target="_blank">[50]</a>. <b>b</b>, <b>c</b>, <b>d</b>, <b>e</b>, <b>f</b>, <b>g</b> and <b>h</b> = Parque Nacional Santa Fe, Altos de Piedra, Santiago marsh, Road pools, Río Grande watershed, Río Colorado watershed at bridge, Río Colorado watershed respectively <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0095484#pone.0095484-Brem1" target="_blank">[19]</a>. <b>i</b> = El Copé <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0095484#pone.0095484-Lips1" target="_blank">[6]</a>. <b>j</b>, <b>k</b>, <b>l</b> and <b>m</b> = La Rica, Palmarazo, Cuatro Callitas and Cerro Trinidad respectively <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0095484#pone.0095484-Kilburn1" target="_blank">[20]</a>. <b>n</b> = El Valle <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0095484#pone.0095484-Gagliardo1" target="_blank">[51]</a>. <b>o</b> and <b>p</b>  =  Parque Nacional Altos de Campana and Parque Nacional Soberanía <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0095484#pone.0095484-Woodhams1" target="_blank">[13]</a>. <b>q</b> = Tortí <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0095484#pone.0095484-Kng1" target="_blank">[18]</a>.</p