Monitoramento bacteriológico de águas do mar e de ostras (Crassostrea gigas) em áreas de cultivo na baía sul da Ilha de Santa Catarina

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Agrárias. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência dos Alimentos.A segurança do consumidor de moluscos bivalves, como as ostras, depende da sanidade destes a qual, por sua vez, depende das condições físicas, químicas e microbiológicas do ambiente de origem, do manuseio e tecnologia pós-captura, bem como da existência de legislação adequada, que se baseie na fiscalização de todas as etapas de produção. Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo monitorar a qualidade bacteriológica das águas onde os moluscos são cultivados e de ostras (Crassostrea gigas) em seis diferentes regiões de cultivo na Baía Sul da Ilha de Santa Catarina, por um período 12 meses, totalizando 15 coletas. Nas águas foram realizados ensaios microbiológicos para contagens de coliformes a 35°C, coliformes a 45°C, e de Escherichia coli. Na carne das ostras, além dos ensaios realizados nas águas, foram realizadas contagens de Vibrio spp., Estafilococos coagulase positivo, além de detecção de Salmonella spp. Embora as contagens tenham ficado abaixo dos limites máximos estabelecidos pela legislação brasileira, foram encontradas correlações positivas entre contagens de coliformes a 35°C, 45°C e E. coli nas águas onde são cultivadas, e na carne das ostras. Foram observadas diferenças estatísticas significativas entre as contagens de coliformes a 45°C nas amostras de águas onde são cultivadas as ostras provenientes da região mais contaminada (Barro Vermelho) e das regiões menos contaminadas (Caieira da Barra do Sul e Costeira do Ribeirão). Os parâmetros físico-químicos apresentaram pouca ou nenhuma correlação estatística com as contagens bacteriológicas realizadas nas águas onde os moluscos são cultivados, no entanto foi encontrada uma correlação positiva significativa entre a temperatura destas águas e a incidência de Vibrio spp. na carne dos moluscos. Considerando a Baía Sul como um todo, foi possível observar a influência do índice pluviométrico nas contagens bacteriológicas obtidas nas águas e consequentemente nas ostras, sendo que as maiores contagens de coliformes a 35°C, 45°C e Escherichia coli nas águas, e de Escherichia coli nas ostras, foram observadas no mês de novembro 2006, mesmo mês em que foram registrados os maiores acumulado pluviométricos, tanto mensal quanto na semana anterior a coleta. Os resultados encontrados, tanto para águas onde os moluscos são cultivados quanto para as amostras de ostras estão de acordo com os parâmetros descritos na legislação brasileira, estando todas as regiões aptas para o cultivo de moluscos bivalves. Contudo, ressalta-se a importância da implantação de saneamento básico em regiões de cultivo de moluscos bivalves, assim como o monitoramento bacteriológico constante de indicadores de qualidade, tanto nas águas onde os moluscos são cultivados, como nos moluscos, além do desenvolvimento de programas de qualidade para a cadeia produtiva de moluscos bivalves

Vibrio sp. em ostras e águas de áreas de cutivo da Baía Sul de Santa Catarina: ocorrência, caracterização feno e genotípica, suscetibilidade antimicrobiana e depuração

Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Agrárias. Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências dos AlimentosEsta pesquisa teve por objetivo identificar e quantificar vibrios marinhos potencialmente patogênicos em ostras (Crassostrea gigas) e águas provenientes da Baía Sul de Santa Catarina, Brasil. Assim como avaliar a patogenicidade e susceptibilidade destas cepas frente a diferentes antibióticos e verificar a eficácia da depuração de ostras (Crassostrea gigas) contaminadas com Vibrio parahaemolyticus ou Vibrio vulnificus usando luz ultravioleta (UV) isoladamente e efeito sinérgico com cloro. Das 60 amostras de ostras 48,3% estavam contaminadas por uma ou mais espécies de vibrio. As espécies mais frequentes foram V. parahaemolyticus e V. vulnificus. As contagens de V. parahaemolyticus e V. vulnificus nas amostras variaram entre < 0,5 log10 NMP g-1 a 2,3 log10 NMP g-1 de ostra, e < 0,5 log10 NMP g-1 a 2,1 log10 NMP g-1 de ostra, respectivamente. Das 60 amostras de água 73,3% estavam contaminadas por uma ou mais espécies de vibrios. As contagens de V. parahaemolyticus e V. vulnificus nas amostras variaram entre < 0,3 log10 NMP 100 mL-1 a 1,7 log10 NMP 100 mL-1 de água marinha, e < 0,3 log10 NMP 100 mL-1 a 2,0 log10 NMP 100 mL-1 de água marinha, respectivamente. Das 120 cepas enviadas para tipificação, foram avaliadas as características de 106 cepas reativadas. Destas 83 (78,3%) foram previamente identificadas como V. parahaemolyticus, 20 (18,9%) como V. vulnificus, três (2,8%) como V. cholerae. Foram caracterizados 20 diferentes sorotipos de V. parahaemolyticus, e identificados genes de patogenicidade tanto de V. parahaemolyticus quanto de V. cholerae. A resistência à gentamicina e cefuroxima foi observada em 84,3% das cepas testadas para ambos antibióticos, e a resistência a ampicilina foi observada em 80,0% das cepas de Vibrio spp. O cloranfenicol foi o antibiótico ao qual as cepas de Vibrio spp. foram mais sensíveis, seguido da tetraciclina, diferente do observado para V. cholerae que apresentou maior sensibilidade a Amoxicilina + clavulanato. Para o experimento de depuração as ostras foram contaminadas com um coquetel de cinco cepas de V. parahaemolyticus ou V. vulnificus ao nível de 104 a 105 UFC mL-1. A depuração foi realizada num sistema fechado de recirculação. As contagens de V. parahaemolyticus ou V. vulnificus foram realizadas no tempo zero, 6, 18, 24 e 48 h. Três tratamentos foram realizados: T1 (controle), T2 (luz UV) e T3 (luz UV mais cloro). Após 48 h de depuração de V. parahaemolyticus, T3 reduziu 3,1 log NMP g-1 e T2 reduziu 2,4 log NMP g-1, enquanto T1 reduziu apenas 2,0 log NMP g-1. Após 48 h de depuração de V. vulnificus, tanto T2, como T3 foram eficientes na redução das contagens, reduzindo a população em 2,5 e 2,4 log NMP g-1, respectivamente, enquanto que T1 reduziu apenas 1,4 log NMP g-1. O tratamento utilizando Luz UV mais cloro foi mais eficiente para controlar V. parahaemolyticus em ostras. Tanto o tratamento utilizando luz UV, como o tratamento utilizando luz UV mais cloro foram eficientes para reduzir as contagens de V. vulnificus. Os resultados desta pesquisa servem de subsídio para analise de risco de vibrios potencialmente patogênicos em ostras.The purpose of this study was to assess the incidence and level of contamination for Vibrio spp. in seawater and oysters (Crassostrea gigas) harvested in Southern Brazil, as to evaluate the pathogenicity of strains and test the susceptibility of these strains to different antibiotics, and to evaluate efficacy of depuration using UV light and UV light plus chlorinated seawater for decontaminating Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus in oysters. Of the 60 oysters# samples analyzed, 29 (48.3%) contained one or more vibrio species. The most frequently isolated species were Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus. The counts of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus in the samples ranged between < 0.5 log10 MPN g-1 to 2.3 log10 MPN g-1 of oyster, and < 0.5 log10 MPN g-1 to 2.1 log10 MPN g-1of oyster, respectively. Of the 60 seawater samples analyzed, 44 (73.3%) contained one or more species vibrios. The counts of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus in the samples ranged between < 0.3 log10 MPN 100 mL-1 to 1.7 log10 MPN 100 mL-1 of seawater, and < 0.3 log10 MPN 100 mL-1 to 2.0 log10 MPN 100 mL-1 of seawater, respectively. Of the 120 strains sent for typing were evaluated the characteristics of the strains 106 reactivated, 83 (78.3%) were previously identified as V parahaemolyticus, 20 (18.9%) as V vulnificus, three (2.8%) and V. cholerae. Were characterized 20 different serotypes of V. parahaemolyticus, and isolated genes of patogenicity for V. parahaemolyticus and V. cholerae. The gentamycin and cefuroxime resistance was observed in 84.3% of the strains to both antibiotics, and the ampicillin resistance was observed in 80.0% of the strains of Vibrio spp. Chloramphenicol is the antibiotic to which the strains of Vibrio spp. were more susceptible. The tetracycline antibiotic was the second to which the strains of V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus were more susceptible than the observed for V. cholerae that showed greater susceptibility to amoxicillin + clavulanate. For depuration the oysters were contaminated with five-strain cocktail of V. parahaemolyticus or V. vulnificus to level of 104 to 105 CFU mL-1. The depuration was conducted in a recirulated closed system. Counts of V. parahaemolyticus or V. vulnificus were determined at zero, 6, 18, 24 and 48 h. Three treatments were conducted: T1 (control treatment); T2 (UV treatment); and T3 (UV plus chlorine treatment). After 48 h of depuration of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, T3 reduced 3.1 log MPN g-1 and T2 reduced 2.4 log MPN g-1, while T1 reduced only 2.0 log MPN g-1. After 48 h of depuration of Vibrio vulnificus, T2 as well as T3 were efficient reducing counts in 2.5 and 2.4 log MPN g-1, respectively; while T1 reduced only 1.4 log MPN g-1. UV light plus chlorine treatment was more efficient for controlling V. parahaemolyticus in oysters. Both UV light and UV light plus chlorine were efficient for V. vulnificus. These results serve as input for risk analysis studies of potentially pathogenic vibrios in oysters in southern Brazil

Impact of COVID-19 on cardiovascular testing in the United States versus the rest of the world

Objectives: This study sought to quantify and compare the decline in volumes of cardiovascular procedures between the United States and non-US institutions during the early phase of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the care of many non-COVID-19 illnesses. Reductions in diagnostic cardiovascular testing around the world have led to concerns over the implications of reduced testing for cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. Methods: Data were submitted to the INCAPS-COVID (International Atomic Energy Agency Non-Invasive Cardiology Protocols Study of COVID-19), a multinational registry comprising 909 institutions in 108 countries (including 155 facilities in 40 U.S. states), assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on volumes of diagnostic cardiovascular procedures. Data were obtained for April 2020 and compared with volumes of baseline procedures from March 2019. We compared laboratory characteristics, practices, and procedure volumes between U.S. and non-U.S. facilities and between U.S. geographic regions and identified factors associated with volume reduction in the United States. Results: Reductions in the volumes of procedures in the United States were similar to those in non-U.S. facilities (68% vs. 63%, respectively; p = 0.237), although U.S. facilities reported greater reductions in invasive coronary angiography (69% vs. 53%, respectively; p < 0.001). Significantly more U.S. facilities reported increased use of telehealth and patient screening measures than non-U.S. facilities, such as temperature checks, symptom screenings, and COVID-19 testing. Reductions in volumes of procedures differed between U.S. regions, with larger declines observed in the Northeast (76%) and Midwest (74%) than in the South (62%) and West (44%). Prevalence of COVID-19, staff redeployments, outpatient centers, and urban centers were associated with greater reductions in volume in U.S. facilities in a multivariable analysis. Conclusions: We observed marked reductions in U.S. cardiovascular testing in the early phase of the pandemic and significant variability between U.S. regions. The association between reductions of volumes and COVID-19 prevalence in the United States highlighted the need for proactive efforts to maintain access to cardiovascular testing in areas most affected by outbreaks of COVID-19 infection

ATLANTIC EPIPHYTES: a data set of vascular and non-vascular epiphyte plants and lichens from the Atlantic Forest

Epiphytes are hyper-diverse and one of the frequently undervalued life forms in plant surveys and biodiversity inventories. Epiphytes of the Atlantic Forest, one of the most endangered ecosystems in the world, have high endemism and radiated recently in the Pliocene. We aimed to (1) compile an extensive Atlantic Forest data set on vascular, non-vascular plants (including hemiepiphytes), and lichen epiphyte species occurrence and abundance; (2) describe the epiphyte distribution in the Atlantic Forest, in order to indicate future sampling efforts. Our work presents the first epiphyte data set with information on abundance and occurrence of epiphyte phorophyte species. All data compiled here come from three main sources provided by the authors: published sources (comprising peer-reviewed articles, books, and theses), unpublished data, and herbarium data. We compiled a data set composed of 2,095 species, from 89,270 holo/hemiepiphyte records, in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay, recorded from 1824 to early 2018. Most of the records were from qualitative data (occurrence only, 88%), well distributed throughout the Atlantic Forest. For quantitative records, the most common sampling method was individual trees (71%), followed by plot sampling (19%), and transect sampling (10%). Angiosperms (81%) were the most frequently registered group, and Bromeliaceae and Orchidaceae were the families with the greatest number of records (27,272 and 21,945, respectively). Ferns and Lycophytes presented fewer records than Angiosperms, and Polypodiaceae were the most recorded family, and more concentrated in the Southern and Southeastern regions. Data on non-vascular plants and lichens were scarce, with a few disjunct records concentrated in the Northeastern region of the Atlantic Forest. For all non-vascular plant records, Lejeuneaceae, a family of liverworts, was the most recorded family. We hope that our effort to organize scattered epiphyte data help advance the knowledge of epiphyte ecology, as well as our understanding of macroecological and biogeographical patterns in the Atlantic Forest. No copyright restrictions are associated with the data set. Please cite this Ecology Data Paper if the data are used in publication and teaching events. © 2019 The Authors. Ecology © 2019 The Ecological Society of Americ

Omecamtiv mecarbil in chronic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, GALACTIC‐HF: baseline characteristics and comparison with contemporary clinical trials

Aims: The safety and efficacy of the novel selective cardiac myosin activator, omecamtiv mecarbil, in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is tested in the Global Approach to Lowering Adverse Cardiac outcomes Through Improving Contractility in Heart Failure (GALACTIC‐HF) trial. Here we describe the baseline characteristics of participants in GALACTIC‐HF and how these compare with other contemporary trials. Methods and Results: Adults with established HFrEF, New York Heart Association functional class (NYHA) ≥ II, EF ≤35%, elevated natriuretic peptides and either current hospitalization for HF or history of hospitalization/ emergency department visit for HF within a year were randomized to either placebo or omecamtiv mecarbil (pharmacokinetic‐guided dosing: 25, 37.5 or 50 mg bid). 8256 patients [male (79%), non‐white (22%), mean age 65 years] were enrolled with a mean EF 27%, ischemic etiology in 54%, NYHA II 53% and III/IV 47%, and median NT‐proBNP 1971 pg/mL. HF therapies at baseline were among the most effectively employed in contemporary HF trials. GALACTIC‐HF randomized patients representative of recent HF registries and trials with substantial numbers of patients also having characteristics understudied in previous trials including more from North America (n = 1386), enrolled as inpatients (n = 2084), systolic blood pressure &lt; 100 mmHg (n = 1127), estimated glomerular filtration rate &lt; 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 (n = 528), and treated with sacubitril‐valsartan at baseline (n = 1594). Conclusions: GALACTIC‐HF enrolled a well‐treated, high‐risk population from both inpatient and outpatient settings, which will provide a definitive evaluation of the efficacy and safety of this novel therapy, as well as informing its potential future implementation

Preoperative predictive factors for intensive care unit admission after pulmonary resection

Objective: To determine whether the use of a set of preoperative variables can predict the need for postoperative ICU admission. Methods: This was a prospective observational cohort study of 120 patients undergoing elective pulmonary resection between July of 2009 and April of 2012. Prediction of ICU admission was based on the presence of one or more of the following preoperative characteristics: predicted pneumonectomy; severe/very severe COPD; severe restrictive lung disease; FEV1 or DLCO predicted to be < 40% postoperatively; SpO2 on room air at rest < 90%; need for cardiac monitoring as a precautionary measure; or American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status &#8805; 3. The gold standard for mandatory admission to the ICU was based on the presence of one or more of the following postoperative characteristics: maintenance of mechanical ventilation or reintubation; acute respiratory failure or need for noninvasive ventilation; hemodynamic instability or shock; intraoperative or immediate postoperative complications (clinical or surgical); or a recommendation by the anesthesiologist or surgeon to continue treatment in the ICU. Results: Among the 120 patients evaluated, 24 (20.0%) were predicted to require ICU admission, and ICU admission was considered mandatory in 16 (66.6%) of those 24. In contrast, among the 96 patients for whom ICU admission was not predicted, it was required in 14 (14.5%). The use of the criteria for predicting ICU admission showed good accuracy (81.6%), sensitivity of 53.3%, specificity of 91%, positive predictive value of 66.6%, and negative predictive value of 85.4%. Conclusions: The use of preoperative criteria for predicting the need for ICU admission after elective pulmonary resection is feasible and can reduce the number of patients staying in the ICU only for monitoring

Ocurrence of Vibrio spp., positive coagulase staphylococci and enteric bacteria in oysters (Crassostrea gigas) harvested in the south bay of Santa Catarina island, Brazil

The aim of this study was to assess the contamination of oysters (Crassostrea gigas), harvested in six different regions of the South Bay of Santa Catarina Island, with Coliforms at 45 ºC, Escherichia coli, Vibrio spp., positive coagulase staphylococci, and Salmonella sp. over a period of one year. One hundred eighty oyster samples were collected directly from their culture sites and analyzed. Each sample consisted of a pool of 12 oysters. All of the samples analyzed showed absence of Salmonella, 18 (10%) samples showed presence of Escherichia coli, 15 (8.3%) samples were positive for V. alginolyticus, and Vibriocholerae was detected in 4 samples (2.2%). The counts of positive-coagulase staphylococci varied from <10 to 1.9 x 102 CFU.g-1, whereas the counts of Coliforms at 45 ºC and E. coli ranged from <3 to 1.5 x 102 MPN.g-1 and <3 and 4.3 x 10 MPN.g-1, respectively. Counts of V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus ranged between <3 and 7 MPN.g-1, for both microorganisms. This suggests the need for monitoring these Vibrios contamination in oysters. Based on the results of the microbiological assays, the samples analyzed showed acceptable bacteriological quality, i.e., they were within the parameters established by Brazilian Legislation

Ocurrence of Vibrio spp., positive coagulase staphylococci and enteric bacteria in oysters (Crassostrea gigas) harvested in the south bay of Santa Catarina island, Brazil Ocorrência de Vibrio spp., estafilococos coagulase positivo e bactérias entéricas em ostras (Crassostrea gigas) cultivadas na baía sul da ilha de Santa Catarina, Brasil

The aim of this study was to assess the contamination of oysters (Crassostrea gigas), harvested in six different regions of the South Bay of Santa Catarina Island, with Coliforms at 45 ºC, Escherichia coli, Vibrio spp., positive coagulase staphylococci, and Salmonella sp. over a period of one year. One hundred eighty oyster samples were collected directly from their culture sites and analyzed. Each sample consisted of a pool of 12 oysters. All of the samples analyzed showed absence of Salmonella, 18 (10%) samples showed presence of Escherichia coli, 15 (8.3%) samples were positive for V. alginolyticus, and Vibriocholerae was detected in 4 samples (2.2%). The counts of positive-coagulase staphylococci varied from O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a contaminação de ostras (Crassostrea gigas) cultivadas em diferentes regiões da Baía Sul da Ilha de Santa Catarina, por coliformes a 45 ºC, Escherichia coli, Vibrio spp. Estafilococos coagulase positiva e Salmonella sp., durante o período de um ano. Foram analisadas 180 amostras, coletadas diretamente no local de cultivo. Todas as amostras analisadas apresentaram ausência de Salmonella, 18 (10%) amostras apresentaram presença de Escherichia coli, 15 (8,3%) amostras positivas para Vibrio alginolyticus e V. cholerae foi detectado em 4 amostras (2,2%). As contagens de Estafilococos coagulase positiva variaram de <10 a 1,9 x 102 UFC.g-1, enquanto que as contagens de coliformes a 45 ºC e E. coli variaram de <3 a 1,5 x 102 NMP.g-1 e <3 e 4,3 x 10 NMP.g-1, respectivamente. As contagens de V. parahaemolyticus e V. vulnificus variaram de <3 a 7 NMP.g-1, para ambos os microrganismos, sugerindo um monitoramento tanto destas espécies quanto da temperatura das águas marinhas nas regiões de cultivo. Com base nos resultados das análises microbiológicas, as amostras analisadas mostraram qualidade bacteriológica aceitável, ou seja, dentro dos parâmetros estabelecidos na legislação brasileira