Toward Greater Effectiveness in Community Change: Challenges and Responses for Philanthropy

Offers a model suggesting how foundations can most effectively think about, do the work of, and learn from community change. Part of the series Practice Matters: The Improving Philanthropy Project

Toward Greater Effectiveness in Community Change: Challenges and Responses for Philanthropy - Discussion Guide

The goal of this discussion guide is to assist foundations to engage in a dialogue about how philanthropy can become more effective in its support of community-change initiatives. The guide can be used in at least two ways. A foundation or a group of foundations intending to launch a community change initiative can use the guide as part of its planning process. Alternatively, foundations already involved in supporting a community-change initiative can use the guide as a framework to review the project's status and examine whether any changes in philanthropic practice make sense

Toward Greater Effectiveness in Community Change: Challenges and Responses for Philanthropy - Executive Summary

Philanthropies of all types seek to improve communities—for lots of reasons, and in lots of different ways. Their efforts have produced promising results and some beginning lessons about community change. But more remains to be done to ensure that philanthropic investments in community change meet expectations and that funders use the emerging lessons to move their agendas forward. Based on interviews conducted for this paper, many funders are eager to take on that challenge

On eddy viscosity, energy cascades, and the horizontal resolution of gridded satellite altimeter products

Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2013. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 43 (2013): 283–300, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-11-0240.1.Motivated by the recent interest in ocean energetics, the widespread use of horizontal eddy viscosity in models, and the promise of high horizontal resolution data from the planned wide-swath satellite altimeter, this paper explores the impacts of horizontal eddy viscosity and horizontal grid resolution on geostrophic turbulence, with a particular focus on spectral kinetic energy fluxes Π(K) computed in the isotropic wavenumber (K) domain. The paper utilizes idealized two-layer quasigeostrophic (QG) models, realistic high-resolution ocean general circulation models, and present-generation gridded satellite altimeter data. Adding horizontal eddy viscosity to the QG model results in a forward cascade at smaller scales, in apparent agreement with results from present-generation altimetry. Eddy viscosity is taken to roughly represent coupling of mesoscale eddies to internal waves or to submesoscale eddies. Filtering the output of either the QG or realistic models before computing Π(K) also greatly increases the forward cascade. Such filtering mimics the smoothing inherent in the construction of present-generation gridded altimeter data. It is therefore difficult to say whether the forward cascades seen in present-generation altimeter data are due to real physics (represented here by eddy viscosity) or to insufficient horizontal resolution. The inverse cascade at larger scales remains in the models even after filtering, suggesting that its existence in the models and in altimeter data is robust. However, the magnitude of the inverse cascade is affected by filtering, suggesting that the wide-swath altimeter will allow a more accurate determination of the inverse cascade at larger scales as well as providing important constraints on smaller-scale dynamics.BKA received support from Office of Naval Research Grant N00014-11-1-0487, National Science Foundation (NSF) Grants OCE-0924481 and OCE- 09607820, and University of Michigan startup funds. KLP acknowledges support from Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution bridge support funds. RBS acknowledges support from NSF grants OCE-0960834 and OCE-0851457, a contract with the National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, and a NASA subcontract to Boston University. JFS and JGR were supported by the projects ‘‘Global and remote littoral forcing in global ocean models’’ and ‘‘Agesotrophic vorticity dynamics of the ocean,’’ respectively, both sponsored by the Office of Naval Research under program element 601153N.2013-08-0

In Memoriam: William J. Stuntz

Bill made a lot of errors in his articles. I know that, because he told me so, often in graphic detail, sometimes years after writing them; sometimes days. As anyone familiar with Bill or his work knows, this sort of harsh self-criticism bespeaks not any laxity or insouciance on Bill’s part, or even a false modesty, but rather an intense commitment to intellectual rigor, and (even more astounding for a legal academic) actually “getting it right.

The Influence of Epidermal Growth Factor on Surface Morphology of Fetal Rat Hepatocytes in Primary Culture

In an attempt to understand the hormonal regulation of somatomedin secretion in the fetus, we have confirmed that epidermal growth factor (EGF) stimulates fetal rat hepatocytes in primary culture to secrete somatomedin in a time and a dose-dependent fashion. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that the cultured cells had ultrastructural features consistent with those of fetal hepatocytes. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that cells grown in either Medium 199 or EGF supplemented Medium 199 formed cellular aggregates within 6 h. The surface features of cells in control and experimental cultures were indistinguishable up until 24 h after exposure to EGF. At this point in time, morphological differences between treatment groups were first apparent with SEM. In the presence of EGF, cellular aggregates were thicker, cells were more rounded in contour, and the number of microvilli and cytoplasmic excrescences (blebs) was greater than in control cultures. These differences were further accentuated at 48 h after exposure to the growth factor. Since the appearance of microvilli and blebs coincides with increasing production of somatomedin, they may represent morphological evidence of secretory activity

Synthesis, Structure, and Characterization of Cu4S10(4-methylpyridine)4

The title compound, Cu4S10(4-methylpyridine)(sub 4) (dot) 4-methylpyridine was prepared by three different reactions: the oxidation of copper powder by sulfur and the reaction of copper (I) sulfide (or CuBr (dot) SMe2) with excess sulfur, both in the coordinating solvent, 4-methylpyridine. Red crystals of the compound obtained by layering with hexanes were subjected to single crystal X-ray diffraction. The structure was refined to R = 0.026 and R(sub w) = 0.036 in a space group P1bar (No. 2), with Z = 2, a = 13.983 (2) A, b = 15.384 (2) A, c = 9.660 (1) A, alpha = 93.87 (1)deg., beta = 93.38 (1)deg., gamma = 99.78 (1)deg., V = 2037.9 (9) A(exp 3). The compound has approximate S(sub 4) symmetry and consists of two pentasulfide chains linking four Cu(I) ions, each with a corrdinating 2-methylpyridine. The infrared spectrum was dominated by absorption due to coordinated 4-methylpyridine with several low-energy peaks attributable to S-S stretches, which were also observed by Raman spectroscopy. A featureless electronic absorption spectrum yielded a single peak in the near ultraviolet upon computer enhancement (lambda = 334 nm, epsilon = 10,000), most likely an intraligand transition. Cyclic voltammetry indicates that the polysulfide complex undergoes irrversible oxidation and reduction at +0.04 and -0.34 V vs. SCE, respectively, at 298 K in 4-methylpyridine when swept at 20 mV/sec. The electrochemical behavior was unvaried even at sweep rates as high as 100 V/sec