The Power of TV: Cable Television and Women's Status in India

Cable and satellite television have grown rapidly throughout the developing world. The availability of cable and satellite television exposes viewers to new information about the outside world, which may affect individual attitudes and behaviors. This paper explores the effect of the introduction of cable television on gender attitudes in rural India. Using a three-year individual-level panel dataset, we find that the introduction of cable television is associated with improvements in women's status. We find significant increases in reported autonomy, decreases in the reported acceptability of beating and decreases in reported son preference. We also find increases in female school enrollment and decreases in fertility (primarily via increased birth spacing). The effects are large, equivalent in some cases to about five years of education in the cross section, and move gender attitudes of individuals in rural areas much closer to those in urban areas. We argue that the results are not driven by pre-existing differential trends. These results have important policy implications, as India and other countries attempt to decrease bias against women.

Optimization of Magnetooptic Device by Low Switching Field Domains

This paper expounds on the optimization of magnetooptic devices using preferential domains that switch at low field strengths. In particular, an all-optical switch for transparent networks based on theMach-Zehnder interferometer configuration is examined in detail. The switch utilizes bismuth-substituted iron garnets with a specific composition of (Bi1.1Tb1.9)(Fe4.25Ga0.75)O12 as Faraday rotators. It is proposed that switch figures of merit can be improved by preferentially choosing domains which align with applied fields at field strengths much lower than required by the bulk material. Measurement of magnetic domain orientation in the material and Faraday rotation within domains is reported. The domain behavior in low magnetic fields is also investigated to achieve a switch with lower switching times and higher extinction ratios

Obesity is associated with poor surgical outcome in Crohn\u27s disease

BACKGROUND: Published data suggest a link between obesity and adverse outcomes in Crohn\u27s disease (CD). We aimed to test the hypothesis that obese CD patients would be more likely than non-obese CD patients to have poor surgical outcome when undergoing surgery for a complication of CD. METHODS: We designed a retrospective cohort study to test our hypothesis. The population comprised of adult CD patients who underwent CD related surgery at a tertiary referral center. The exposed and unexposed cohorts were represented by patients who were obese vs. non-obese at the pre-op visit respectively. Outcome was represented by successful vs. unsuccessful surgical outcome as deemed by the treating clinician. RESULTS: Ninety CD patients were eligible for inclusion into this cohort study of which 36 were obese (exposed cohort) and 54 were non-obese (unexposed cohort). Among obese CD patients, 64% had an unsuccessful surgical outcome vs. 41% with unsuccessful surgical outcome among the non-obese. Based on unadjusted bivariate analysis, potential confounders identified included age and type of surgery. Gender distribution, disease duration, ethnicity, tobacco use, steroid use, traditional and biological immune modulator use and clinical disease activity were similar between the two groups. Logistic regression adjusted for age and type of surgery revealed that obese CD patients were approximately 2.5 times more likely to have a poor surgical outcome than patients with CD who were not obese (P = 0.05 OR 2.53 95% CI 0.99 - 6.52). BMI as a continuous variable (adjusted for age and type of surgery) appeared to be associated with poor surgical outcome (P = 0.06 OR 1.07 95% CI 0.99 - 1.15). CONCLUSIONS: Obesity may be associated with poor surgical outcome in CD patients

Investigation of polyviologens as oxygen indicators in food packaging

A triggered oxygen indicator, formulated from a combination of electrochrome, titanium dioxide and EDTA, was evaluated for use in modified atmosphere packaging. Methylene blue was not an ideal electrochrome due to its slow reduction to the leuco form and fast subsequent oxidation by oxygen present at low concentrations, >0.1%. Polyviologen electrochromes showed much faster reduction after exposure to UV light. Thionine and 2,2?-dicyano-1,1?-dimethylviologen dimesylate, which have more anodic reduction potentials compared to methylene blue, can be used to produce oxygen indicators with decreased sensitivity to oxygen. These indicators can be used to detect oxygen even when levels increase up to 4.0%

TEST METHODS FOR GEAR LUBRICANTS

Vrsta baznog ulja, viskoznost ulja, vrsta i sadržaj aditiva imaju značajan utjecaj na tipična oštećenja zupčanika. Općenito nije moguće jednostavno brojčano odrediti utjecaj maziva na sposobnost podnošenja opterećenja temeljem poznavanja fizikalno-kemijskih podataka o ulju. Stoga su razvijeni mnogobrojni ispitni postupci za procjenu mehaničko-tehnoloških svojstava maziva. Jednostavna i jeftina ispitivanja na probnim stolovima često pokazuju lošu korelaciju s praksom. Iz iskustva i sustavnog istraživanja moguće je pokazati da ispitivanje maziva za zupčanike može biti izvedeno na odgovarajući način samo u uređajima za ispitivanje zupčanika koja koriste specificiranu geometriju zupčanika [1]. Dugogodišnjim radom razvijen je normirani FZG probni stol sa čelnim zupčanicima s vanjskim ozubljenjem te unaprijeđen za različite vrste simulacija oštećenja zupčanika. Uobičajeni FZG uljni test A/8,3/90 široko je korišten za ocjenu svojstava ulja za industrijske zupčanike s obzirom na zaribavanje. Ulja za zupčanike vozila razine GL4 mogu se ispitivati u Step testu A10/16.6R/90, a ulja za osovine razine GL5 u Shock testu S-A10/16.6R/90. Za male brzine se može primijeniti test trošenja C/0.05/90:120. Utjecaj maziva na mikropiting ili mikrotočkastu koroziju zupčanika moguće je procijeniti pomoću kratkog testa za dodatnu provjeru GFKT-C/8,3/90. Postoje različita ispitivanja pitinga ili točkaste korozije poput testa s jednostrukim stupnjem opterećenja PT-C/9:10/90 ili testa primjene PTX-C/SNC/90. Cilj rada je opisati utjecaj maziva na različite načine oštećenja u zupčanicima, kako kvantificirati taj utjecaj u ispitnim postupcima i kako rezultate ispitivanja predstaviti kao "značajne veličine" za mazivo u postupcima ocjenjivanja sposobnosti štetnog opterećenja.Base oil type, oil viscosity, additive type and content have a strong influence on typical gear failures. In general it is not possible to quantify the lubricant influence on load carrying capacity simply from the knowledge of physical or chemical oil data. Therefore many test methods were developed for the evaluation of mechanical-technological lubricant properties. Simple low-cost bench test methods often show poor correlation with practice. From experience and systematic investigations it can be shown that testing of gear lubricants can adequately be performed only in gear test rigs using specified test gear geometry [1]. In continuous work over many years the standard FZG back-to-back gear test rig was developed and improved for different types of gear failure simulation. The standard FZG oil test A/8,3/90 is widely used for the evaluation of the scuffing properties of industrial gear oils. Automotive gear oils of GL4 level can be tested in the step test A10/16.6R/90, axle oils of GL5 level in the shock test S-A10/16.6R/90. For the slow speed regime the wear test C/0.05/90:120/12 can be applied. The influence of lubricants on the micropitting performance of gears can be evaluated in a screening short test GFKT-C/8,3/90 or in the full micropitting test GF-C/8,3/90. Different pitting tests are available as single stage test PT-C/9:10/90 or application test PTX-C/SNC/90. The aim of the paper is to describe the influence of the lubricant on the different failure modes in gears, how to quantify this influence in adequate test methods and how to introduce the results of such tests as “strength values” for the lubricant into load carrying capacity rating methods

TEST METHODS FOR GEAR LUBRICANTS

Vrsta baznog ulja, viskoznost ulja, vrsta i sadržaj aditiva imaju značajan utjecaj na tipična oštećenja zupčanika. Općenito nije moguće jednostavno brojčano odrediti utjecaj maziva na sposobnost podnošenja opterećenja temeljem poznavanja fizikalno-kemijskih podataka o ulju. Stoga su razvijeni mnogobrojni ispitni postupci za procjenu mehaničko-tehnoloških svojstava maziva. Jednostavna i jeftina ispitivanja na probnim stolovima često pokazuju lošu korelaciju s praksom. Iz iskustva i sustavnog istraživanja moguće je pokazati da ispitivanje maziva za zupčanike može biti izvedeno na odgovarajući način samo u uređajima za ispitivanje zupčanika koja koriste specificiranu geometriju zupčanika [1]. Dugogodišnjim radom razvijen je normirani FZG probni stol sa čelnim zupčanicima s vanjskim ozubljenjem te unaprijeđen za različite vrste simulacija oštećenja zupčanika. Uobičajeni FZG uljni test A/8,3/90 široko je korišten za ocjenu svojstava ulja za industrijske zupčanike s obzirom na zaribavanje. Ulja za zupčanike vozila razine GL4 mogu se ispitivati u Step testu A10/16.6R/90, a ulja za osovine razine GL5 u Shock testu S-A10/16.6R/90. Za male brzine se može primijeniti test trošenja C/0.05/90:120. Utjecaj maziva na mikropiting ili mikrotočkastu koroziju zupčanika moguće je procijeniti pomoću kratkog testa za dodatnu provjeru GFKT-C/8,3/90. Postoje različita ispitivanja pitinga ili točkaste korozije poput testa s jednostrukim stupnjem opterećenja PT-C/9:10/90 ili testa primjene PTX-C/SNC/90. Cilj rada je opisati utjecaj maziva na različite načine oštećenja u zupčanicima, kako kvantificirati taj utjecaj u ispitnim postupcima i kako rezultate ispitivanja predstaviti kao "značajne veličine" za mazivo u postupcima ocjenjivanja sposobnosti štetnog opterećenja.Base oil type, oil viscosity, additive type and content have a strong influence on typical gear failures. In general it is not possible to quantify the lubricant influence on load carrying capacity simply from the knowledge of physical or chemical oil data. Therefore many test methods were developed for the evaluation of mechanical-technological lubricant properties. Simple low-cost bench test methods often show poor correlation with practice. From experience and systematic investigations it can be shown that testing of gear lubricants can adequately be performed only in gear test rigs using specified test gear geometry [1]. In continuous work over many years the standard FZG back-to-back gear test rig was developed and improved for different types of gear failure simulation. The standard FZG oil test A/8,3/90 is widely used for the evaluation of the scuffing properties of industrial gear oils. Automotive gear oils of GL4 level can be tested in the step test A10/16.6R/90, axle oils of GL5 level in the shock test S-A10/16.6R/90. For the slow speed regime the wear test C/0.05/90:120/12 can be applied. The influence of lubricants on the micropitting performance of gears can be evaluated in a screening short test GFKT-C/8,3/90 or in the full micropitting test GF-C/8,3/90. Different pitting tests are available as single stage test PT-C/9:10/90 or application test PTX-C/SNC/90. The aim of the paper is to describe the influence of the lubricant on the different failure modes in gears, how to quantify this influence in adequate test methods and how to introduce the results of such tests as “strength values” for the lubricant into load carrying capacity rating methods