Letter from R[obert] M. Price to John Muir, 1893 Mar 21.

[letterhead]Berkeley, March 21, 1893.Mr. John Muir,Martinez, Cal.My dear Mr. Muir:When you were at Mr. Olney’s in Oakland some weeks ago, if you remember, I asked you and Mrs. Muir to come to the Charter Day exercises and inauguration of President Kellogg, and to lunch at our fraternity house afterward. I want to remind you of it and urge you to come. On all public days at the University we give an informal lunch to our friends and I would like to have you meet the boys in my fraternity and01644 [letterhead]Berkeley,have them meet you and Mrs. Muir. Some of them you know or know of, already – Sherman Jones and [Brown?] of Martinez. I expect Mr. and Mrs. Olney, Mr. Armes and a number of others whom you know well. I promise you that we will not ask you to make an address. Hoping to see you day after to-morrow, I am,Yours very truly,R. M. Price.0164

Letter from R[obert] M. Price to John Muir, [1892] Jul 26.

Yosemite Valley, July 26.Mr. John Muir:-My dear Mr. Muir:-On reaching here Sunday night, I found your letter waiting me. Mr. Bartlett and I have had a fine tramp so far, from Berenda to Wawona, and thence on a trail to Glacier Point and into the Valley. We expect to start for Tuolumne Meadows to-morrow, thence to Mt. Lyell, and if we have time we want to try the trip down the Tuolumne to Hetch Hetchy. We are very grateful to you for your directions. Mr. Armes has written to me asking me to find out what I can about the report that the commissioners of the Valley have authorized the cutting of under-brush in the Valley. I have spoken to Mr. Galen Clark and he says that it is merely for the purpose of protecting the Valley, so that in case of a fire, it could moreeasily be put out. He is strongly in favor of it. Mr. Clark has not received notice of his election to the Sierra Club. I will write to Mr. Armes about it.Yours very trulyR. M. Price.0159

Evolution of Music by Public Choice

Music evolves as composers, performers, and consumers favor some musical variants over others. To investigate the role of consumer selection, we constructed a Darwinian music engine consisting of a population of short audio loops that sexually reproduce and mutate. This population evolved for 2,513 generations under the selective influence of 6,931 consumers who rated the loops’ aesthetic qualities. We found that the loops quickly evolved into music attributable, in part, to the evolution of aesthetically pleasing chords and rhythms. Later, however, evolution slowed. Applying the Price equation, a general description of evolutionary processes, we found that this stasis was mostly attributable to a decrease in the fidelity of transmission. Our experiment shows how cultural dynamics can be explained in terms of competing evolutionary forces

A new sighting study for the fixed concentration procedure to allow for gender differences

The fixed concentration procedure (FCP) has been proposed as an alternative to the median lethal concentration (LC50) test (organisation for economic co-operation and development (OECD) test guideline [TG] 403) for the assessment of acute inhalation toxicity. The FCP tests animals of a single gender (usually females) at a number of fixed concentration levels in a sequential fashion. It begins with a sighting study that precedes the main FCP study and is used to determine the main study starting concentration. In this paper, we propose a modification to the sighting study and suggest that it should be conducted using both male and female animals, rather than just animals of a single gender. Statistical analysis demonstrates that, when females are more sensitive, the new procedure is likely to give the same classification as the original FCP, whereas, if males are more sensitive, the new procedure is much less likely to lead to incorrect classification into a less toxic category. If there is no difference in the LC50 for females and males, the new procedure is slightly more likely to classify into a more stringent class than the original FCP. Overall, these results show that the revised sighting study ensures gender differences in sensitivity do not significantly impact on the performance of the FCP, supporting its use as an alternative test method for assessing acute inhalation toxicity

Future benefits and applications of intelligent on-board processing to VSAT services

The trends and roles of VSAT services in the year 2010 time frame are examined based on an overall network and service model for that period. An estimate of the VSAT traffic is then made and the service and general network requirements are identified. In order to accommodate these traffic needs, four satellite VSAT architectures based on the use of fixed or scanning multibeam antennas in conjunction with IF switching or onboard regeneration and baseband processing are suggested. The performance of each of these architectures is assessed and the key enabling technologies are identified

The Riddle of Harmless Error in Michigan

Examines the harmless error rule as interpreted by Michigan case law

Cummingsia micheneri, a new species of Mallophaga (Trimenoponidae) from a Venezuelan mouse-opossum (Marsupialia)

The previously recognized species of chewing louse, Cummingsia intermedia Werneck (Mallophaga: Trimenoponidae), is redescribed and illustrated. A new species, C. micheneri, is described and illustrated for lice from a Venezuelan mouse-opossum, Marmosa dryas [= Gracilinanus dryas] (Marsupialia: Didelphidae); this material had earlier been misidentified as C. intermedia. Additionally, we discuss identification of these two closely related species and indicate characters that are useful in distinguishing them from all other known species of Cummingsia. A key is provided for the 10 recognized species of the genus

Pass-Through Valuation

Noted scholars argue that (1) economic models of capital taxation have been inadequately adapted to owner-managed enterprises and (2) capital structure researchers have used the wrong models while also improperly measuring key variables. Thus, a model that can overcome these problems should be of interest to academics when teaching capital structure theory and practitioners when determining optimal debt levels. This paper contributes to capital structure practice by using a model that is adaptable to owner-managed enterprises like pass-throughs while also containing relevant variables that are measurable. This paper should be valuable to academics and practitioners in the following ways. First, we examine the effects of personal tax rates on a pass-through’s capital structure choice. Second, we offer rules for managers of pass-throughs on how to choose an optimal amount of debt. Third, we show that increasing market risk by doubling betas does not affect our major conclusions governing a pass-through. Fourth, we compare the pass-through and C Corp gains to leverage values when all factors are the same except tax rates that are unique to the ownership type

The influence of electrolyte identity upon the electro-reduction of CO2

AbstractThe influence of supporting electrolyte cations on the voltammetric behaviour and product distribution in N-methylpyrrolidone-based carbon dioxide electroreduction systems is investigated. The reduction potentials associated with TBABF4 (0.1M) and corresponding alkali metal (M+) electrolytes; LiBF4, NaBF4 and RbBF4 (focussing mainly on the reduction of the widely employed Li+ species) were established in both the presence and absence of CO2 at polycrystalline noble metal working electrodes. In situ and ex situ Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and qualitative element identification via flame testing were used to aid the assignment of reduction processes. It was established that CO2 reduction products in the metal cationic systems were formed at a much less negative potential than those found with the non-metal cation (−1.5V vs. Ferrocene, c.f. −2.2V), however the resultant alteration of the surface environment was found to deactivate the electrode to further CO2 reduction. The presence of CO2 in solution was found to affect the potential required for the bulk deposition of metal from the electrolyte through the same process. Where TBA+ and M+ were employed simultaneously in the system, the resultant voltammetry shared the majority of features with the pure M+ system with CO2 reduction suppressed at more negative potentials therefore supporting the conclusion that any ‘catalytic effect’ associated with TBA+ is in fact a lack of deactivation given by the M+ system, rather than any enhancement offered by the former

The Uncollected Letters of Hamlin Garland to Walt Whitman

Introduces and presents twelve letters from Hamlin Garland to Whitman, five of which had been previously unpublished; stresses how the letters help to clarify how Whitman\u27s followers turned (literary) defeat in Boston into a major victory at a time when New England\u27s domination of American high culture reached its peak