43 research outputs found
Cell entry of a host targeting protein of oomycetes requires gp96
This work is supported by the [European Communityâs] Seventh Framework Programme [FP7/2007â2013] under grant agreement no. [238550] (L.L., J.D.-U., C.J.S., P.v.W.); BBSRC [BBE007120/1, BB/J018333/1 and BB/G012075/1] (F.T., I.d.B., C.J.S., S.W., P.v.W.); Newton Global Partnership Award [BB/N005058/1] (F.T., P.v.W.), the University of Aberdeen (A.D.T., T.R., C.J.S., P.v.W.) and Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft [CRC1093] (P.B., T.S.). We would like to acknowledge the Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia for funding INA. We would like to thank Brian Haas for his bioinformatics support. We would like to acknowledge Neil Gow and Johannes van den Boom for critical reading of the manuscript. We would like to acknowledge Svetlana Rezinciuc for technical help with pH-studies.Peer reviewedPublisher PD
Calibração de cùmara semiaberta eståtica para quantificação de amÎnia volatilizada do solo
Global inputs of biological nitrogen fixation in agricultural systems
Biological dinitrogen (Nâ) fixation is a natural process of significant importance in world agriculture. The demand for accurate determinations of global inputs of biologically-fixed nitrogen (N) is strong and will continue to be fuelled by the need to understand and effectively manage the global N cycle. In this paper we review and update long-standing and more recent estimates of biological Nâ fixation for the different agricultural systems, including the extensive, uncultivated tropical savannas used for grazing. Our methodology was to combine data on the areas and yields of legumes and cereals from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) database on world agricultural production (FAOSTAT) with published and unpublished data on Nâ fixation. As the FAO lists grain legumes only, and not forage, fodder and green manure legumes, other literature was accessed to obtain approximate estimates in these cases. Below-ground plant N was factored into the estimations. The most important Nâ-fixing agents in agricultural systems are the symbiotic associations between crop and forage/fodder legumes and rhizobia. Annual inputs of fixed N are calculated to be 2.95 Tg for the pulses and 18.5 Tg for the oilseed legumes. Soybean ('Glycine max') is the dominant crop legume, representing 50% of the global crop legume area and 68% of global production. We calculate soybean to fix 16.4 Tg N annually, representing 77% of the N fixed by the crop legumes. Annual Nâ fixation by soybean in the U.S., Brazil and Argentina is calculated at 5.7, 4.6 and 3.4 Tg, respectively. Accurately estimating global Nâ fixation for the symbioses of the forage and fodder legumes is challenging because statistics on the areas and productivity of these legumes are almost impossible to obtain. The uncertainty increases as we move to the other agricultural-production systems - rice ('Oryza sativa'), sugar cane ('Saccharum' spp.), cereal and oilseed (non-legume) crop lands and extensive, grazed savannas. Nonetheless, the estimates of annual Nâ fixation inputs are 12-25 Tg (pasture and fodder legumes), 5 Tg (rice), 0.5 Tg (sugar cane)
Reciclaje de nutrimentos e impacto ambiental de las pasturas de Brachiaria
desacelerar la decadencia de la pastura; y el sistema de enraizamiento profundo y abundante de las gramĂneas recibe el C atmosfĂ©rico fijado y lo secuestra luego en profundidad en mucha mayor cantidad que las especies de la sabana nativa. Dada la gran extensiĂłn que ocupan las pasturas de Brachiaria, estas pueden ser un receptor importante, a nivel mundial, del CO2 atmosfĂ©rico. Para mantener la productividad de las pasturas, mejorando al mismo tiempo la producciĂłn animal, se requieren estrategias que conserven la fertilidad del suelo o inclusive la incrementen. Una estrategia efectiva consiste en la introducciĂłn de leguminosas forrajeras