Dialektika Agama dan Negara dalam Karya Jurgen Habermas

Agama di negara sekuler dianggap tidak memiliki pengaruh sama sekali terhadap dinamika negara. Habermas melalui teori rasio komunikatif, etika diskursus, dan demokrasi deliberatif pada akhirnya memandang bahwa dalam negara demokratis yang terdapat dialog antara agama dan negara justru menunjukkan betapa agama mampu menggerakkan negara untuk selalu beradaptasi dan saling berkomunikasi. Cara yang digunakan yakni agama harus mentransformasi diri dari agama mitis (religious-metaphysical) ke agama rasional (religious-post-metafisik). Di sini warga beragama dan warga sekuler dalam masyarakat post-sekuler dapat saling belajar satu sama lain. Warganegara beriman juga mesti belajar dari sains dan teknologi yang memiliki klaim-klaim kesahihan ilmu pengetahuan. Warganegara beriman juga harus tunduk dan mengakui rasio sekuler yang menjadi basis legitimasi negara hukum demokratis

Panel of three novel serum markers predicts liver stiffness and fibrosis stages in patients with chronic liver disease

<div><p>Latest data suggest that placental growth factor (PLGF), growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) and hepatic growth factor (HGF) are involved in hepatic fibrogenesis. Diagnostic performance of these markers for non-invasive liver fibrosis prediction was evaluated based on liver histology and stiffness. In total 834 patients were recruited. Receiver-operating-characteristics were used to define cut-offs for markers correlating to fibrosis stages. Odds-ratios were calculated for the presence/absence of fibrosis/cirrhosis and confirmed in the sub-group of patients phenotyped by elastography only. Logistic and uni- and multivariate regression analyses were used to test for association of markers with liver fibrosis stages and for independent prediction of liver histology and stiffness. Marker concentrations correlated significantly (P<0.001) with histology and stiffness. Cut-offs for liver fibrosis (≥F2) were PLGF = 20.20 pg/ml, GDF15 = 1582.76 pg/ml and HGF = 2598.00 pg/ml. Logistic regression confirmed an increase of ORs from 3.6 over 33.0 to 108.4 with incremental (1–3) markers positive for increased liver stiffness (≥12.8kPa; all P<0.05). Subgroup analysis revealed associations with advanced fibrosis for HCV (three markers positive: OR = 59.9, CI 23.4–153.4, P<0.001) and non-HCV patients (three markers positive: OR = 144, CI 59–3383, P<0.001). Overall, serum markers identified additional 50% of patients at risk for advanced fibrosis presenting with low elastography results. In conclusion, this novel combination of markers reflects the presence of significant liver fibrosis detected by elastography and histology and may also identify patients at risk presenting with low elastography values.</p></div

Clinical characteristics of the study cohort.

<p>Clinical characteristics of the study cohort.</p

Numbers of positive markers corresponding to patients with Transient Elastography (TE) measurements equal or above 9.2 kPa or below 9.2 kPa.

<p>Numbers of positive markers corresponding to patients with Transient Elastography (TE) measurements equal or above 9.2 kPa or below 9.2 kPa.</p

Logistic regression analysis for numbers of markers corresponding to the risk of presentation with TE ≥12.8kPa in the validation cohort.

<p>Logistic regression analysis for numbers of markers corresponding to the risk of presentation with TE ≥12.8kPa in the validation cohort.</p

Logistic regression analysis for numbers of markers corresponding to the risk of presentation with TE ≥12.8kPa in the test cohort.

<p>Logistic regression analysis for numbers of markers corresponding to the risk of presentation with TE ≥12.8kPa in the test cohort.</p

Determination of AUCs and cut-offs of serum markers according to histological fibrosis stages in the test cohort.

<p>Determination of AUCs and cut-offs of serum markers according to histological fibrosis stages in the test cohort.</p

Distribution of positive markers in patients with different histological fibrosis stages.

<p>The number of positive markers correlates with advancing fibrosis.</p

Area under the curve and optimal cut off results for TE discriminating different fibrosis stages in the test cohort.

<p>Area under the curve and optimal cut off results for TE discriminating different fibrosis stages in the test cohort.</p