Cosmic Censorship: As Strong As Ever

Spacetimes which have been considered counter-examples to strong cosmic censorship are revisited. We demonstrate the classical instability of the Cauchy horizon inside charged black holes embedded in de Sitter spacetime for all values of the physical parameters. The relevant modes which maintain the instability, in the regime which was previously considered stable, originate as outgoing modes near to the black hole event horizon. This same mechanism is also relevant for the instability of Cauchy horizons in other proposed counter-examples of strong cosmic censorship.Comment: 4 pages RevTeX style, 1 figure included using epsfi

RELEVANCE OF ORAL LANGUAGE SKILLSThe Relevance of Oral Language Skills to Performance on State Literacy Testing

Purpose: Investigated correspondences between performance on an array of literacy and oral language abilities with the proficiency ratings on the reading portion of the New England Common Assessment Program (NECAP). Method: Tested 106 fifth-grade students on measures of word-level reading and oral language (i.e., vocabulary, syntax, discourse) near the time when students completed the NECAP assessment. Analyses of performance were conducted with three NECAP outcome groups (Above Proficient, Proficient, Nonproficient (combination of Partially Proficient and Substantially Below groups). Results: Large effect sizes were obtained for differences in oral language and word-level reading skills among the three groups. Decoding, syntax and discourse each accounted for significant variance in state reading scores and differentiated NECAP reading proficiency groupings. Notably, students at all levels varied in their patterns of skills. The majority of Nonproficient students had low scores on word-level reading skills; yet 100% had weaknesses in syntax and/or discourse. Similarly, many students ranked as Proficient had word-level deficits; even more had oral language weaknesses. Conclusions: Treatment of students’ reading weaknesses should be differentiated according to the specific needs of individual pupils. This practice should apply to all critical components of reading comprehension, including oral language skills in syntax and discourse

Friendsourcing Peer Support for Alzheimer’s Caregivers Using Facebook Social Media

This research piloted an e-health intervention that used social media to friendsource peer support for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) caregivers. Friendsourcing is a variant of crowdsourcing. Crowdsourcing recruits online participants who share a characteristic that makes their volunteerism meaningful when they join to achieve an outcome. Friendsourcing recruits online participants who share membership in a social network that makes their volunteerism meaningful when they join to achieve an outcome. This article introduces our friendsourcing intervention research and examines the effects on the psychological well-being of AD caregivers. After a 6-week intervention, caregivers were found to have significantly decreased burden (Z = −2.01, p < .05) and perceived stress (Z = −2.95, p < .01). Emotional and informational support scores were significantly increased (Z = −2.32, p < .05). Qualitative data analysis of the intervention identified positive effects in new caregiving knowledge acquisition and application and reduced stress in the acceptance of the caregiving role. Joining social networks in support groups through friendsourcing was feasible for AD caregivers who were familiar with social media, and can provide another means of guiding the development of their personal support networks

Advances in the Geology of the Tobacco Root Mountains, Montana, and Their Implications for the History of the Northern Wyoming Province

Integrated studies by Keck Geology Consortium participants have generated many new insights into the Precambrian geology of the Tobacco Root Mountains. We have clarified the tectonic setting and origin of two suites of metamorphic rocks: (1) a quartzofeldspathic gneiss complex with associated metasupracrustal rocks (the combined Indian Creek and Pony–Middle Mountain Metamorphic Suites) that originated in a continental arc setting between 3.35 and 3.2 Ga with subsequent sedimentation and (2) mafic metavolcanic rocks with intercalated metasedimentary rocks (the Spuhler Peak Metamorphic Suite) from a suprasubduction zone ophiolite or backarc basin possibly of Proterozoic age. A poorly preserved metamorphic event at 2.45 Ga affected the former but not the latter, as did the intrusion of rift-related mafic dikes and sills at 2.06 Ga. Both suites were amalgamated, metamorphosed to at least upper amphibolite facies, subjected to simple shear strain and folded into map- and outcrop-scale sheath folds, and tectonically unroofed during the period 1.78 to 1.71 Ga. We name this event the Big Sky orogeny. The Proterozoic geology of the Tobacco Root Mountains can be integrated with coeval features of the geology of the northern Wyoming province to outline a northeast-trending, southeast-vergent belt as the Big Sky orogen. The Big Sky orogen consists of a metamorphic hinterland flanked to the southeast by a foreland of discrete ductile shear zones cutting older basement, and to the northwest by arc-related metaplutonic bodies and the trace of a fossil subduction zone in the upper mantle. Archean blocks to the north of the Big Sky orogen may have been accreted as allochthonous terranes during collision and convergence. The remarkable synchroneity of collision along the Big Sky orogen with tectonism in the Trans-Hudson orogen along the eastern margin of the Wyoming province and in the Cheyenne belt to the south of the province raise profound but unanswered questions about the process by which the Wyoming province was added to the rest of the ancestral North American craton

Creative Excellence in the Japanese University: Knowledge-Content-Cognition and Language-Culture-Communication Integrated Global Awareness Learning

Abstract Barnett (1997) argues that the university has lost its way, but that the world needs the university more than before but for different reasons. He says that the university must clarify a new role in the world and in society, and find a new vocabulary, and a new sense of purpose. The world including the university is faced with what Barnett calls supercomplexity where human frames of understanding, action, and identity are continually changing and being challenged. In this new supercomplex world, the university, Barnett maintains, must take on two roles in particular. Firstly, it needs to compound supercomplexity, thus making the world more challenging than it has seemed. The second role is to enable humans to live effectively in this chaotic world. Internally, says Barnett, the university needs to become a new kind of organization that must, whether it likes it or not, live with uncertainty (i.e. &quot;the uncertainty principle&quot;) and at the same time help people to live with and revel in that uncertainty. Creativity, excellence, and excellence in creativity are also uncertain in this new supercomplex world which requires new and innovative ways of framing their interpretations and development in higher education. We focus in this paper on the potential of additional L2 global language English to serve as the medium of effecting an integrated content-knowledge-cognition and language-culture-communication creatively excellent higher education. However, it is our belief and hope that such a higher learning can and should be developed in the L1 Japanese language as the primary medium of learning and communication. The employment and deployment of CLIGAL in the home L1 Japanese and the globally useful L2 English are necessary for there to be creative excellence across the Japanese higher education curriculum

Economic Interrelationships and Impacts of the Aviation/Aerospace Industry in the State of Florida Using Input-Output Analysis

The study provided a detailed description of the interrelatedness of the aviation and aerospace industry with principal industries in Florida and Volusia County (VC) using Input-Output (IO) analysis. The economic impact measures included not only direct economic output and industry employment descriptions but also described the multiplier effects in the form of indirect and induced impacts using data for 2012. This research concluded the average labor income of the aviation and aerospace industry was higher than average labor income in Florida and VC. A substantive difference between the Florida and VC average labor income for the aviation and aerospace industry existed because VC’s aerospace sector was only concentrated in the search, detection, and navigation instruments manufacturing sector. VC’s transport by air sector was one-fifth the size of Florida’s. Differences in the aviation and aerospace industry composition between Florida and VC are important because the economic impacts from a shock to the entire aviation and aerospace industry will be distributed differently. Since the aviation and aerospace average labor income is higher than the average labor income in Florida and VC, it would be a positive move for Florida’s economy to attract and grow the aviation and aerospace industry. It would be highly unlikely that the entirety of newly created jobs would be resourced from the local population. Nonetheless, growing the aviation and aerospace industry jobs would have a positive influence on the region’s economy and tax revenues. It would be a desirable course of action to spur the growth of this sector, as its direct effect would culminate with additional jobs in Florida that would bring higher wage jobs to the state. The interdependencies of the aviation and aerospace industry in Florida and VC with other industries had a positive indirect and induced effect in the economy providing almost a two-fold indirect and induced effect. However, the benefits were not equal. Florida’s average labor income of the most sensitive non-aviation and aerospace industry was 15% lower than the average Florida labor income. The average labor income in VC of the most sensitive non-aviation and aerospace industry was significantly higher than the average VC labor income. Industry interdependencies also presented risk. If the aviation and aerospace industry experiences a contraction, then through the interdependencies of the industries, the region would contract twice as much as the aviation and aerospace industry