Spectrophotometric technology for the early detection of cutaneous melanoma

This paper presents the design and experimental outcomes of an ongoing research project aimed at the early detection of melanoma by means of a new diagnostic device. This device, based on the principles of spectrophotometry, is expected to improve upon the current diagnostic methods, which are known to carry a margin of error quantified as 10-20%. This article presents the implemented technology, in the form of two scanning prototypes, the current experimental work, and the analysis procedures leading to the development of a diagnostic model based upon the spectral representation of pigmented lesions

In vitro study of uptake and synthesis of creatine and its precursors by cerebellar granule cells and astrocytes suggests some hypotheses on the physiopathology of the inherited disorders of creatine metabolism

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The discovery of the inherited disorders of creatine (Cr) synthesis and transport in the last few years disclosed the importance of blood Cr supply for the normal functioning of the brain. These putatively rare diseases share a common pathogenetic mechanism (the depletion of brain Cr) and similar phenotypes characterized by mental retardation, language disturbances, seizures and movement disorders. In the effort to improve our knowledge on the mechanisms regulating Cr pool inside the nervous tissue, Cr transport and synthesis and related gene transcripts were explored in primary cultures of rat cerebellar granule cells and astrocytes.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Cr uptake and synthesis were explored in vitro by incubating monotypic primary cultures of rat type I astrocytes and cerebellar granule cells with: a) D₃-Creatine (D₃Cr) and D3Cr plus β-guanidinopropionate (GPA, an inhibitor of Cr transporter), and b) labelled precursors of Guanidinoacetate (GAA) and Cr (Arginine, Arg; Glycine, Gly). Intracellular D3Cr and labelled GAA and Cr were assessed by ESI-MS/MS. Creatine transporter (<it>CT1</it>), L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (<it>AGAT</it>), and S-adenosylmethionine:guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase (<it>GAMT</it>) gene expression was assessed in the same cells by real time PCR.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>D3Cr signal was extremely high in cells incubated with this isotope (labelled/unlabelled Cr ratio reached about 10 and 122, respectively in cerebellar granule cells and astrocytes) and was reduced by GPA. Labelled Arg and Gly were taken up by the cells and incorporated in GAA, whose concentration paralleled that of these precursors both in the extracellular medium and inside the cells (astrocytes). In contrast, the increase of labelled Cr was relatively much more limited since labelled Cr after precursors' supplementation did not exceed 2,7% (cerebellar granule cells) and 21% (astrocytes) of unlabelled Cr. Finally, <it>AGAT, GAMT </it>and <it>SLC6A8 </it>were expressed in both kind of cells.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Our results confirm that both neurons and astrocytes have the capability to synthesize and uptake Cr, and suggest that at least in vitro intracellular Cr can increase to a much greater extent through uptake than through <it>de novo </it>synthesis. Our results are compatible with the clinical observations that when the Cr transporter is defective, intracellular Cr is absent despite the brain should be able to synthesize it. Further research is needed to fully understand to what extent our results reflect the in vivo situation.</p

Different ataxin-3 amyloid aggregates induce intracellular Ca2+ deregulation by different mechanisms in cerebellar granule cells

AbstractThis work aims at elucidating the relation between morphological and physicochemical properties of different ataxin-3 (ATX3) aggregates and their cytotoxicity. We investigated a non-pathological ATX3 form (ATX3Q24), a pathological expanded form (ATX3Q55), and an ATX3 variant truncated at residue 291 lacking the polyQ expansion (ATX3/291Δ). Solubility, morphology and hydrophobic exposure of oligomeric aggregates were characterized. Then we monitored the changes in the intracellular Ca2+ levels and the abnormal Ca2+ signaling resulting from aggregate interaction with cultured rat cerebellar granule cells. ATX3Q55, ATX3/291Δ and, to a lesser extent, ATX3Q24 oligomers displayed similar morphological and physicochemical features and induced qualitatively comparable time-dependent intracellular Ca2+ responses. However, only the pre-fibrillar aggregates of expanded ATX3 (the only variant which forms bundles of mature fibrils) triggered a characteristic Ca2+ response at a later stage that correlated with a larger hydrophobic exposure relative to the two other variants. Cell interaction with early oligomers involved glutamatergic receptors, voltage-gated channels and monosialotetrahexosylganglioside (GM1)-rich membrane domains, whereas cell interaction with more aged ATX3Q55 pre-fibrillar aggregates resulted in membrane disassembly by a mechanism involving only GM1-rich areas. Exposure to ATX3Q55 and ATX3/291Δ aggregates resulted in cell apoptosis, while ATX3Q24 was substantially innocuous. Our findings provide insight into the mechanisms of ATX3 aggregation, aggregate cytotoxicity and calcium level modifications in exposed cerebellar cells

RNA polymerase III drives alternative splicing of the potassium channel–interacting protein contributing to brain complexity and neurodegeneration

An RNA polymerase III–transcribed noncoding RNA promotes alternative splicing of KCNIP4, altering amyloid precursor protein processing and contributing to neurodegeneration

Modulation of the expression of GABAA receptors in rat cerebellar granule cells by protein tyrosine kinases and protein kinase c

none3R. BALDUZZI; A. CUPELLO; M. ROBELLOR., Balduzzi; A., Cupello; Robello, Maur

Two photon microscopy and spectroscopy based on a compact confocal scanning head

none6DIASPRO; G. CHIRICO; F. FEDERICI; F. CANNONE; S. BERETTA; M. ROBELLODiaspro, ALBERTO GIOVANNI; G., Chirico; F., Federici; F., Cannone; S., Beretta; Robello, Maur