Rwanda Country Snapshot

This document presents an overview of CARE's programming in Rwanda, including WEE programs

Norway's Sami Parliament

There are many parallels between the role and function of the Samediggi, or Sami Parliament, and the former Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission (ATSIC). However, the positive approach of the Norwegian government to a popularly elected indigenous representative body is in contrast to the experience in Australia, where ATSIC was frequently at loggerheads with government, especially in the last few years of its existence

Aboriginal legal aid funding: discriminatory policy or a failure of federalism?

Australia’s federal system of government poses some difficulty in relation to compliance with obligations under international instruments, notwithstanding the Commonwealth’s unequivocal powers on external affairs in the Australian Constitution. It is the Commonwealth Government that is a signatory to international agreements and treaties, but this does not necessarily mean that it administers the relevant policy field domestically. In practice, the complex and multi-faceted relationships between Commonwealth, State and Territory Governments make the political dimensions of the federal relationship as important as the legal arrangements. The Commonwealth Government does not always have unambiguous control over a given policy issue

Teaching to the World: The Internationalization of a College of Education in the United States

This study illustrates the presence and importance of an international perspective for educators in higher education. Taking into consideration the growth of internationalization in higher education, it is necessary to observe how Schools of Education incorporate that focus into their curriculum. In this study, the panelist investigates the extent to which a university School of Education in the United States has internationalized the curriculum for educators, both in theoretical discussions and in practice. The questions at hand are to discover how a school of education incorporates an international focus to the curriculum. What challenges do they encounter? What is the evolution and development of integrating that international focus? What are the faculty and student perceptions of the international focus, and the importance of such, within the curriculum at both the undergraduate and graduate level? Additionally, how does a school of education-sponsored study abroad opportunity contribute to the international focus of the curriculum? This case study of one university’s School of Education seeks to offer insight into the internationalization process for educators through faculty and student interviews, analysis of websites, policies, and syllabi, and participant observation in a School of Education sponsored study abroad. Findings reveal a productive tension between a focus within teacher education at the local level, and internationalizing the experience which informs their teaching

Eastern gorilla (Gorilla beringei)

First paragraph: Eastern gorillas (Gorilla beringei Matschie, 1903), occur in the wild more than 1 000 km from the nearest western gorillas (G. gorilla Savage, 1847). They are larger than the western gorilla but otherwise similar, with a broad chest and shoulders, a large head, and a hairless, shiny black face. A full-grown adult male can weigh up to about 220 kg, and a full-grown adult female about half this.46, 97, 99 Two subspecies of eastern gorilla are currently recognized by the Primate Specialist Group of IUCN–The World Conservation Union:48 the eastern lowland or Grauer’s gorilla (G. b. graueri Matschie, 1914); and the mountain gorilla (G. b. beringei Matschie, 1903)

Secondary crystallisation and degradation during long term aging of P(HB-co-HV)

Semi-crystalline polyhydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate samples were stored at a range of temperatures between 22 and 150 °C, for up to 672 hours. The secondary crystallisation process was monitored using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and infrared spectroscopy, and crystallinity was observed to increase over time at storage temperatures of 20 °C and upwards. Higher storage temperatures produced a greater extent of change within the timescales of this work, indicating a rate effect of temperature on secondary crystallisation. DSC studies also revealed an increase in the melting temperature (Tm), and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis revealed an increase in the glass transition temperature (Tg), in accordance with increasing crystallinity. The corresponding effects on the mechanical properties were analysed using tensile testing. Generally, it was found that with increases in crystallinity there was an increase in the ultimate tensile strength, a decrease in the elongation to break, and therefore an increase in the Young’s Modulus. The increasing embrittlement of samples was most evident during storage at 150 °C, where subsequent decreases in crystallinity, Tm, Tg, mass, molecular weight (Mw), and sample discolouration over time were evidence of an interplay between the secondary crystallisation process and the thermal degradation process, active below the Tm

Secondary crystallisation and degradation during long term aging of P(HB-co-HV)

Semi-crystalline polyhydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate samples were stored at a range of temperatures between 22 and 150 °C, for up to 672 hours. The secondary crystallisation process was monitored using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and infrared spectroscopy, and crystallinity was observed to increase over time at storage temperatures of 20 °C and upwards. Higher storage temperatures produced a greater extent of change within the timescales of this work, indicating a rate effect of temperature on secondary crystallisation. DSC studies also revealed an increase in the melting temperature (Tm), and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis revealed an increase in the glass transition temperature (Tg), in accordance with increasing crystallinity. The corresponding effects on the mechanical properties were analysed using tensile testing. Generally, it was found that with increases in crystallinity there was an increase in the ultimate tensile strength, a decrease in the elongation to break, and therefore an increase in the Young’s Modulus. The increasing embrittlement of samples was most evident during storage at 150 °C, where subsequent decreases in crystallinity, Tm, Tg, mass, molecular weight (Mw), and sample discolouration over time were evidence of an interplay between the secondary crystallisation process and the thermal degradation process, active below the Tm

More Social Needs Endorsed by Caregivers of Young Children Experiencing Everyday Discrimination

Background: Both discrimination and social needs are underlying risk factors for poor health outcomes; however, there are no studies looking at how feelings of discrimination impact reporting of social needs in the pediatric health care setting. Objective: To compare caregiver report of social needs and desire for help addressing social needs in the pediatric primary care setting based on respondents’ experiences with discrimination. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of caregivers of children aged 2-5 in an urban primary care setting. Caregivers completed a tool to screen for 15 social needs and desire for help to address these needs, with in-person assistance available. The tool was adapted based on qualitative data with this same population and included items from the PHQ-2, 2-item food insecurity screener, and WE CARE survey. The short version of the “Everyday Discrimination Scale” was also completed, and caregivers were categorized as experiencing everyday discrimination if they responded “rarely”, “sometimes”, or “often” on any of 5 types of discrimination. If caregivers experienced everyday discrimination, they were also asked about perceived basis for discrimination. T-tests were conducted to compare the number of reported social needs and number of needs for which a caregiver desired help between groups based on experience of everyday discrimination and type of discrimination. Results: One hundred seventy-eight caregivers (94% mothers, mean age 32) of diverse racial and ethnic backgrounds (29% white, 61% black; 10% Hispanic) completed the screening tool. Sixty-seven percent had public insurance, and 35% were from households with an annual income below $20,000. Fifty-three percent of caregivers reported everyday discrimination, especially in regards to being treated with less respect and receiving poorer service in stores and restaurants (Figure 1) and most commonly on the basis of race (48%), gender (38%), and age (31%). Both caregivers who endorsed everyday discrimination in general, and those endorsing discrimination specifically by gender and age, reported a significantly higher number of social needs and number of social needs for which they wanted help (Table 1). Conclusions: In an urban population of mostly young Black mothers, the majority endorsed feeling some degree of everyday discrimination. Despite this, caregivers who endorsed feelings of discrimination, especially because of their gender and age, reported more social needs and a greater desire for help addressing these needs. This suggests that caregivers feel comfortable reporting sensitive social needs in the context of a child’s healthcare setting even though they may experience everyday discrimination. These findings may also suggest an association between experienced discrimination and social needs, with both potentially influenced by similar sociodemographic factors