Civil-Military-Islamist Relations: An Opinion on Democracy, Islamist Militancy and Praetorianism in Pakistan

This research report has specially been written in the context, to highlight the relations between civil, military, Islamization and Islamists, their role and practices to remain in power and advancement of their views, and all these three have been alternatively cooperative and antagonistic. Pakistan has been under the military rule for more than half of its history, Pakistan is a young and violent nation and make struggle for its survival since inception. Due to the presence of Islamists and their dominant and violent activities, has caused unbearable damage to the democratic process in establishing strong, stable, advanced nation. These actors have played a crucial role in creating the Pakistan of today. What role a civilian government can play, while interacting with the ever present military and the Islamists. Keywords: Islamization, Islamism, antagonistic, secular, military intervention, praetorians, nepotis

Social Development in Pakistan: An Analytical Study of Shaping Public Policy

The objectives of this research report is to highlight the implication in the social development of Pakistan the conditions and level of progress of social institutions in the present system in sufficient budgetary financial resources and its misuse and wrong allocation deprive the masses from their basic human rights granted under the constitution of Pakistan. Education is the key element of social progress besides many educations policies projects and five to six five years plans has been implemented but couldn’t bring positive results due to inefficient political reasons or corruption. Keywords: budgetary financial resources, social development, community-based projec

Effect of early tranexamic acid administration on mortality, hysterectomy, and other morbidities in women with post-partum haemorrhage (WOMAN): an international, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

Background Post-partum haemorrhage is the leading cause of maternal death worldwide. Early administration of tranexamic acid reduces deaths due to bleeding in trauma patients. We aimed to assess the effects of early administration of tranexamic acid on death, hysterectomy, and other relevant outcomes in women with post-partum haemorrhage. Methods In this randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, we recruited women aged 16 years and older with a clinical diagnosis of post-partum haemorrhage after a vaginal birth or caesarean section from 193 hospitals in 21 countries. We randomly assigned women to receive either 1 g intravenous tranexamic acid or matching placebo in addition to usual care. If bleeding continued after 30 min, or stopped and restarted within 24 h of the first dose, a second dose of 1 g of tranexamic acid or placebo could be given. Patients were assigned by selection of a numbered treatment pack from a box containing eight numbered packs that were identical apart from the pack number. Participants, care givers, and those assessing outcomes were masked to allocation. We originally planned to enrol 15 000 women with a composite primary endpoint of death from all-causes or hysterectomy within 42 days of giving birth. However, during the trial it became apparent that the decision to conduct a hysterectomy was often made at the same time as randomisation. Although tranexamic acid could influence the risk of death in these cases, it could not affect the risk of hysterectomy. We therefore increased the sample size from 15 000 to 20 000 women in order to estimate the effect of tranexamic acid on the risk of death from post-partum haemorrhage. All analyses were done on an intention-to-treat basis. This trial is registered with ISRCTN76912190 (Dec 8, 2008); ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00872469; and PACTR201007000192283. Findings Between March, 2010, and April, 2016, 20 060 women were enrolled and randomly assigned to receive tranexamic acid (n=10 051) or placebo (n=10 009), of whom 10 036 and 9985, respectively, were included in the analysis. Death due to bleeding was significantly reduced in women given tranexamic acid (155 [1·5%] of 10 036 patients vs 191 [1·9%] of 9985 in the placebo group, risk ratio [RR] 0·81, 95% CI 0·65–1·00; p=0·045), especially in women given treatment within 3 h of giving birth (89 [1·2%] in the tranexamic acid group vs 127 [1·7%] in the placebo group, RR 0·69, 95% CI 0·52–0·91; p=0·008). All other causes of death did not differ significantly by group. Hysterectomy was not reduced with tranexamic acid (358 [3·6%] patients in the tranexamic acid group vs 351 [3·5%] in the placebo group, RR 1·02, 95% CI 0·88–1·07; p=0·84). The composite primary endpoint of death from all causes or hysterectomy was not reduced with tranexamic acid (534 [5·3%] deaths or hysterectomies in the tranexamic acid group vs 546 [5·5%] in the placebo group, RR 0·97, 95% CI 0·87-1·09; p=0·65). Adverse events (including thromboembolic events) did not differ significantly in the tranexamic acid versus placebo group. Interpretation Tranexamic acid reduces death due to bleeding in women with post-partum haemorrhage with no adverse effects. When used as a treatment for postpartum haemorrhage, tranexamic acid should be given as soon as possible after bleeding onset. Funding London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Pfizer, UK Department of Health, Wellcome Trust, and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Reasons as to Why Bonded Prostitution in Pakistan has not been Reduced: Solutions for Reducing Prostitution in Pakistan

Prostitution is the Oldest Profession in the World, since Times Immemorial.This Research paper examines the Main Reasons as to why Bonded Prostitution in Pakistan has not been reduced from our Destiny (Birth) to our Destination (Death).This Research Paper highlights those prevailing Social Issues which the Downtrodden, Poor, Unemployed, Illiterate, Weak and Powerless, Depressed, Suppressed and Oppressed people, Girls, Boys, Women, Men, Children have to bear and face at the Criminal Hands of the Flesh Hunters daily in Pakistan.This Research basically highlights and puts forward the logical solutions for not only the steps for the Reduction but also the Elimination of Bonded Prostitution in Pakistan. Keywords: Prostitution, Feudals, Poverty, Education, Employment, Lesbianism, Sex, Bonded Prostitution

Prevalence of ST26 among untreated smear-positive tuberculosis patients from Karachi indicating ongoing transmission

Tuberculosis (TB) control is a major healthcare priority for Pakistan. We have studied Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains from the sputa of 100 treatment-naive, smear-positive pulmonary TB cases from Karachi, Pakistan, to identify strains most responsible for active transmission in this population. DNA extracted from M. tuberculosis isolates were subjected to spacer oligotyping (spoligotyping). Sixty-six (66%) clinical isolates were grouped into 9 different clusters. The largest cluster comprised the Central Asian Strain (CAS) 1 or ST26 (n = 40). The remaining isolates (34%) had unique spoligotypes. We conclude that ST26 being the most prevalent strain in smear-positive cases contributes greatly towards ongoing transmission in Karachi. Our data further suggest that ST26 may have a selection advantage not afforded by other genotypes. This conclusion is further supported by DESTUS analysis (Detecting Emerging Strains of Tuberculosis Using Spoligotypes) identifying ST26 as the only emerging spoligotype. Reasons for the spread of ST26 require further study