Increased Levels of Nerve Growth Factor Indicating Brain Injury In Mice Model

Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) brain injury is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a neurotrophin that plays an important role in the natural repair and regeneration of nerves, but the previous study regarding NGF level after brain injury is still scant. This study aims to determine NGF levels in male Wistar rat models that received right Common Carotid Artery (CCA) occlusion.  This study used an experimental and control design conducted in July-August 2021 at the Stem Cell Research and Development Center, Universitas Airlangga. The right CCA occlusion was performed on the Wistar mouse model in the treatment group, then placed in a hypoxic chamber and reperfusion after 60 minutes. Observations of neurology scores were carried out in the first 24 hours.  After 2x24 hours the animal was sacrificed for serum NGF level measurement using the ELISA method. Statistical analysis using t-test for independent sample.  A total of 16 male rats participated in the study.  Eight rats in the treatment group were put into hemiparesis at different levels according to observations of neurological scores.  Statistically meaningful differences in NGF levels were found in the treatment group compared to controls (P<0.05). Average NGF levels in the treatment group were higher than in the controls.  NGF levels in mice with HIE were higher than the control group, which indicates the body's natural mechanism for neuron protection following ischemic hypoxic events

Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Indonesian Patients with Cerebral Palsy

Purpose Cerebral palsy (CP) is a neurological health problem that affects children around the world and warrants particular attention. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be used to visualize brain disorders, as it provides a clear view of the brain’s anatomy, including the location of any damage or structural abnormalities. The objective of this study was to obtain a detailed MRI representation of patients with CP. Methods This study employed a retrospective design involving the examination of medical records. It included CP patients aged between 1 and 16 years who had undergone brain MRI examinations. The Gross Motor Function Classification System scale was used to classify limitations in functional motor ability among these patients. The brain MRI results were categorized as either normal or abnormal. Results Of 60 CP cases, 50% were classified as severe, with the remaining cases considered mild to moderate. Epilepsy was present in 66.7% of patients with severe CP. The most common type of CP, among both mild-to-moderate and severe cases, was quadriplegia. Gray matter lesions on brain MRI were more common in severe than mild-to-moderate cases, while vascular insult lesions and brain malformations were less frequent. A significant difference was observed in the severity of CP when a gray matter lesion was present on MRI. Conclusion Most children with CP exhibited abnormal results on brain MRI. Lesions of the white and gray matter were the most frequently observed. MRI plays a crucial role in understanding the underlying pathological brain abnormalities in CP

STATUS ZINC PADA STATUS IMUNITAS MUKOSA BULI BULI TIKUS WISTAR YANG DIGAMBARKAN OLEH EKSPRESI TLR-4, NF-ƘB p50 DAN NF-ƘB p65 SERTA TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 DAN IL-8

Mukosa buli-buli rentan terserang infeksi saluran kemih (ISK) bawah, dan pada anak-anak penanganannya seringkali kurang efektif, sehingga pencegahannya dengan memodulasi imunitas mukosa menjadi salah satu wacana baru dalam penanganan ISK. Zinc merupakan imunomodulator, dan defisiensi zinc diketahui akan menyebabkan perubahan parameter imunitas. Hingga kini masih belum diketahui kaitan antara status zinc dan status imunitas mukosa bulibuli. Tujuan: Membuktikan adanya perbedaan status imunitas mukosa buli-buli tikus Rattus norvegicus pada perbedaan status zinc. Metode: Penelitian observasional analitik cross sectional dilakukan pada Oktober – Desember 2016, menggunakan blok parafin mukosa buli-buli tikus. Blok dipotong di Laboratorium Patologi Anatomi RSUD dr. Soetomo dan dilakukan pewarnaan imunohistokimia indirek dengan teknik peroksidase di Laboratorium Biokimia Universitas Brawijaya Malang. Dilakukan penghitungan ekspresi TLR- 4, NF-ƘB p50, NF-ƘB p65, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, dan IL-8. Dilakukan uji beda dengan ANOVA dan Kruskal Wallis yang dilanjutkan dengan uji post Hoc dan Mann Whitney dengan signifikansi p<0,05. Hasil: Dua puluh satu sampel dianalisis. Pada kelompok defisiensi zinc, didapatkan peningkatan NF-ƘB p65 (p=0,006), TNF-α (p=0,006), IL-1β (p=0,000), IL-6 (p=0,000), IL-8 (p=0,001) bila dibandingkan kelompok normal zinc. Tidak ada perbedaan kelompok normal yang disuplementasi dengan yang tidak, kecuali TNF-α (p=0,033). Bila diterapi, pada defisiensi zinc akan terjadi penurunan TLR-4 (p=0,003), TNF-α (p=0,005), IL-1β (p=0,000), IL-6 (p=0,000), IL-8 (p=0,001). Bila dibandingkan kelompok normal, masih terjadi peningkatan NF-ƘB p65 (p=0,008), TNF-α (p=0,017), IL-6 (p=0,001) pada defisiensi yang diterapi. Pada analisis faktorial TLR-4 (p=0,002), tampak interaksi keadaan awal (p=0,330) dan status suplementasi (p=0,290)

TNF-α and IL-10 levels in hipoxic ischemic rat brain receiving stem cell

To investigate the effect of intracerebral adipose neural stem cell transplantation in the inflammatory process after brain HI. The study used 16male Wistar rats aged 2 months which were randomly divided into the following group: Ischemia-Reperfusion group (IR, n=8) and ANSC-treated group (IR+ANSC, n=8). IR was performed by right common carotid artery occlusion for 2 hours, hypoxia procedure for 1 hour and reperfusion.&nbsp; ANSC was prepared from rats adipose tissue and processed in Laboratory. ANSC was inserted intracerebally after hypoxia procedure and after 48 hours the blood sample were analyzed by using ELISA. T-test for independent samples was used for statistial analysis. There were no significant differences in the TNF-α level between the IR group and IR+ANSC group. There were statistically significant difference in IL-10 level between groups (P&lt; 0.05). Intracerebral ANSC transplantation cannot reduce TNF-α expression and increase IL-10 expression in brain ischemia induced by CCA ligation and hypoxia

First Unprovoked Seizure in Indonesian Children

Abstract Introduction: First unprovoked seizure (FUS) in children is a frightening health problem that often to be taken to emergency room. EEG is absolutely required to determine seizure activity in the brain. It can differentiate seizures from nonepileptic paroxysmal events. This study aims to determine the EEG description of children who experience FUS. Methods: This study used a retrospective observational method using medical records. All patients in the category of children aged 0 months to 18 years old who came with their FUS and had recorded an EEG, were included. EEG recording is done as soon as possible and a maximum of 2 days after the seizure occurs. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and presented in tables and graphs. Result: The clinical characteristics of FUS show that the majority of boys (61.3%) are older than 5 years old (52.8%). The types of seizures that appear are more generalized seizures and mostly the duration is less than 5 minutes. A few patients have anemia. Abnormal EEG interpretation results reached 53.8% with around 68% of them showing epileptiform discharge. Classification of abnormal EEG indicates more on focal slowing, centrotemporal sharp wave, and BECTS activity. Conclusion: FUS in Indonesia mostly reported in boys. Generalized seizures were commonly seen. EEG interpretation is mostly abnormal that commonly showing epileptiform discharge. Most of the EEG abnormal classifications that lead to epileptiform activity are focal slowing. This can be a considerable of the possibility of recurrent seizure in later life

Combination of standard physical therapy with partial body weight supported treadmill training in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy

Standard physical therapy (SPT) with ground gait training is well recognized to improve the motor skill in cerebral palsy (CP) disease. Confirmation is required on achieving better gross motor function with partial body weight supported treadmill training (PBWSTT). The objective of the study is to analyze combination of SPT with PBWSTT for gross motor function children with spastic diplegic CP who able to walk. A prospective design was conducted in CP patients 2-7 years of age with Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) I-III and received physical therapy 2 times per week, 20 minutes per session, a total of 20 sessions. The treatment group is continued by PBWSTT for 20 minutes per session. Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM)-66 of walking, running, and jumping (dimension E) is measured in pre and post-physical therapy. Data were analyzed descriptively. There were 10 subjects and divided into 5 subjects in the control and the rest in the treatment group. The mean age was 48.4 months and 63.4 months respectively. The Average score of GMFM-66 dimension E pre and post-SPT were 63.54 and 65.24, the difference is 1.7 (2.67%) from the initial score

Manajemen Spastisitas Palsi Serebral Menggunakan Teknik Selective Percutaneous Myofascial Lenghtening

ABSTRACTCerebral palsy (CP) is a condition of a permanent and non-progressive defect in the brain that occurs at an early age. It interferes with brain development and shows abnormalities in position, muscle tone and motor coordination, and other neurological disorders. 5ecent diagnostic guidelines state that cerebral palsy can be established early. The first step in diagnosing cerebral palsy is identifying risk factors. Intervention in the structure and function of the body is the main domain in managing cerebral palsy. This intervention aims to correct anatomical structural abnormalities that can interfere the body function. Spasticity is the most common anatomical structural abnormality found in cerebral palsy. The Selective percutaneous myofascial lengthening (SPML) technique is helpful as a minimally invasive procedure that treats spasticity with more minor complications than conventional surgical techniques

Corresponding Hypocalcemic seizure caused by vitamin D deficiency in infant

We described the case of a 2-month-old child was presented to the emergency department with a generalized seizure, which started 40 days after birth. The laboratory examination revealed hypocalcemia (3.4 mg/dL), normal albumin serum, elevated PTH level of 235.9 pg/mL, decreased vitamin D of 13.8 ng/dL, and normal renal function. The mother had not consumed vitamin D supplement during pregnancy and lactation. The patient had also been consuming phenobarbital since the age of 1 month due to a previous history of seizures. The disease was managed with oral administration of 10% calcium gluconate along with 5000 IU of vitamin D3 daily to manage calcium homeostasis. The treatment stabilized the patient's condition and there was rapid improvement in laboratory findings. After 6 months, the seizure disappeared and the level of vitamin D (25- hydroxy vitamin D) was normal, namely 80 ng/dL

Hypocalcemic seizure caused by vitamin D deficiency in infant

We described the case of a 2-month-old child was presented to the emergency department with a generalized seizure, which started 40 days after birth. The laboratory examination revealed hypocalcemia (3.4 mg/dL), normal albumin serum, elevated PTH level of 235.9 pg/mL, decreased vitamin D of 13.8 ng/dL, and normal renal function. The mother had not consumed vitamin D supplement during pregnancy and lactation. The patient had also been consuming phenobarbital since the age of 1 month due to a previous history of seizures. The disease was managed with oral administration of 10% calcium gluconate along with 5000 IU of vitamin D3 daily to manage calcium homeostasis. The treatment stabilized the patient's condition and there was rapid improvement in laboratory findings. After 6 months, the seizure disappeared and the level of vitamin D (25-hydroxy vitamin D) was normal, namely 80 ng/dL