An Empiric Analysis of Wavelet-Based Feature Extraction on Deep Learning and Machine Learning Algorithms for Arrhythmia Classification

The aberration in human electrocardiogram (ECG) affects cardiovascular events that may lead to arrhythmias. Many automation systems for ECG classification exist, but the ambiguity to wisely employ the in-built feature extraction or expert based manual feature extraction before classification still needs recognition. The proposed work compares and presents the enactment of using machine learning and deep learning classification on time series sequences. The two classifiers, namely the Support Vector Machine (SVM) and the Bi-directional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM) network, are separately trained by direct ECG samples and extracted feature vectors using multiresolution analysis of Maximal Overlap Discrete Wavelet Transform (MODWT). Single beat segmentation with R-peaks and QRS detection is also involved with 6 morphological and 12 statistical feature extraction. The two benchmark datasets, multi-class, and binary class, are acquired from the PhysioNet database. For the binary dataset, BiLSTM with direct samples and with feature extraction gives 58.1% and 80.7% testing accuracy, respectively, whereas SVM outperforms with 99.88% accuracy. For the multi-class dataset, BiLSTM classification accuracy with the direct sample and the extracted feature is 49.6% and 95.4%, whereas SVM shows 99.44%. The efficient statistical workout depicts that the extracted feature-based selection of data can deliver distinguished outcomes compared with raw ECG data or in-built automatic feature extraction. The machine learning classifiers like SVM with knowledge-based feature extraction can equally or better perform than Bi-LSTM network for certain datasets

MRI detected prevalence of abnormalities in patients of knee pain

Background: In patients of knee pain diagnosis has utmost important for treatment and to avoid unnecessary surgery. MRI is a non-invasive procedure in evaluation of knee joint. So this study was planned find out the prevalence of abnormalities detected by MRI in patients of knee pain.Methods: Fifty patient of knee pain were examined after taking permission from institutional ethics committee by using Siemens Avanto MR machine with a superconducting magnet and field strength of 1.5 tesla using dedicated knee coil (Flex), which were referred from department of Orthopedics & Rheumatology.Results: In this present study 72% patients were males and 28% patients females and their ages ranging from (11-80) years. Knee pain was found common in age group 31-40 years. Menisci lesions (44%) were more common as compared to ligament lesions (14%) in patients of knee pain. Osteoarthritis was found in 40 % of patients of knee pain. Joint effusion and marrow edema was found with incidence of 74% and 62% respectively. 4% patients were suffering from intraarticular tumors.Conclusions: Knee pain can occur at any stage of life due to various causative factors. MRI can demonstrate the exact nature and extent of bony as well as soft tissue abnormality. This has increase the use of MRI in evaluation of patients of knee pain.

Multilayer thin film encapsulation for organic light emitting diodes

A transparent and effective thin film encapsulation (TFE) based on a multilayer structure is demonstrated. Alternate films of amorphous and crystalline film forming organic materials have been investigated to create complicated diffusion pathways for oxygen and water vapour, which was reflected in their increased barrier properties. These layers are further protected by an inorganic barrier coating of magnesium fluoride (MgF2) deposited by normal and glancing angle deposition methods. A significant enhancement of more than 8 times in the lifetime of organic light emitting diodes was obtained by employing this multilayer hybrid geometry. The TFE structure can be highly useful in organic opto-electronic devices requiring easy to deposit and an effective barrier layer for enhanced lifetimes

Effect of doping of 8-hydroxyquinolinatolithium on electron transport in tris(8-hydroxyquinolinato)aluminum

Effect of doping of 8-hydroxyquinolinatolithium (Liq) on the electron transport properties of tris(8-hydroxyquinolinato)aluminum (Alq3) has been investigated as a function of temperature and doping concentration by fabricating electron only devices. It has been observed that current density in the devices increases with the doping of Liq up to a doping concentration of 33 wt. % and then decreases. Current density-voltage (J-V) characteristics of 0, 15, and 33 wt. % Liq doped Alq3 devices were found to be bulk limited and analyzed on the basis of trap charge limited conduction model. The J-V characteristics of 50 and 100 wt. % Liq doped Alq3 devices were found to be injection limited and were analyzed using the Fowler-Nordheim model. The increase in current density with doping up to 33 wt. % was found to be due to an increase in electron mobility upon doping, whereas the decrease in current density above 33 wt. % was due to the switching of transport mechanism from bulk limited to injection limited type due to an increase in barrier height. Electron mobility and variance of energy distribution have been measured by using transient electroluminescence technique to support our analysis. Electron mobility for pure Alq3 was found to be 1 × 10−6 cm2/V s, which increased to 3 × 10−5 cm2/V s upon doping with 33 wt. % Liq. The measured values of variance were 95, 87.5, 80, 72, and 65 meV for 0, 15, 33, 50, and 100 wt. % Liq doped Alq3 respectively. The increase in electron mobility upon doping has been attributed to a decrease in energetic disorder upon doping as evidenced by the decrease in variance. The increase in barrier height for the higher doping concentration was due to the disorder related correction σ2/2kT in the barrier height, which decreases with the increase in doping concentration

MicroRNAs: Micromanagers for the pathology of age related macular degeneration

Inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis and neovascularization are risky parameters which influence different phases in the pathogenesis of age related macular degeneration (AMD). Beside other mediators, this multitiered and complex event of retinal worsening has been exposed to be orchestrated by small non coding RNA fragments that bind to specific mRNAs and modulate their post transcriptional regulation and gene expression in retina. Several microRNAs (miRNAs) have been revealed which are expressed in retina and influence its functionality. These miRNA fragments play significant role in the development and maintenance of photoreceptors hence, dysregulation of them may augment severe retinal etiopathology. This comprehensive review summarizes the role and relevance of several known miRNAs along with their potential utilities as therapeutic targets in AMD pathogenesis

Prevalence and predictors of age related macular degeneration in the population of Punjab: North Indian age related macular degeneration epidemiology and molecular genetic study (NI-ARMEMS)

Background: Age related macular degeneration (AMD) is an ocular disease that is threatening elderly population of Punjab for vision impairment and blindness. Comprehensive understanding of the susceptible factors still remains to be explored in this region. Objective: To examine the risk variables which are independently associated with the risk of AMD along with the investigation of its prevalence in the population of Punjab. Methods: A case-control study by design involved 416 subjects (cases; 219, controls; 197) of age ranging from 45 to 75 years. Various risk factors were investigated for their role in consenting and confirmed AMD subjects along with controls. Results: In the univariate full factorial regression analysis, advancing age (≥66years), being a woman, diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (>80mmHg), cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, body mass index (BMI) (23-29.9Kgm-2 and ≥30Kgm-2 ), sedentary life style, total cholesterol (>200mg/dl), low density lipoproteins (>100mg/dl), high density lipoproteins (≥40mg/dl), non-vegetarian diet and positive family history were found to be risky determinants. Multivariable stepwise regression analysis revealed age ≥66 years, DBP > 80mmHg, alcohol drinking and smoking as independent predictors for the risk of AMD. Conclusion: Considerable prevalence of dry AMD (20.5%) is evident in the population of Punjab which is mediated independently by age (≥66 years), DBP (>80 mmHg), alcohol drinking and smoking

Risk of depression in subjects with type 2 diabetes Is modulated by a genetic variant within DRD4 gene: North Indian diabetes-depression link exploration study (NIDDLES)

The role and relevance of DRD4 gene SNPs for the risk of depression in type 2 diabetes remains to be clarified. To investigate its association, present cross sectional study was conducted on 399 type 2 diabetics who were diagnosed for depression using primary health care questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) > 10 criteria. 191 subjects were depressed whereas, 208 subjects were found to be clinically non-depressed. Minor allele frequencies of two DRD4 SNPs rs1800955 and rs747302 were 0.45, 0.42 and 0.42, 0.34 in depressed and non depressed subjects respectively. C allele of rs747302 showed risk of depression (OR 1.41 95% CI 1.05- 1.87, P= 0.024) in comparison to G allele. It has been observed that carriers of CC genotype had approximately double the risk of depression (OR 1.96 95% CI 1.08- 3.56, P= 0.03) than GG carriers and this risk manifests in recessive mode

Phosphatidic acid phospholipase A1 mediates ER-Golgi transit of a family of G protein-coupled receptors

The coat protein II (COPII)-coated vesicular system transports newly synthesized secretory and membrane proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi complex. Recruitment of cargo into COPII vesicles requires an interaction of COPII proteins either with the cargo molecules directly or with cargo receptors for anterograde trafficking. We show that cytosolic phosphatidic acid phospholipase A1 (PAPLA1) interacts with COPII protein family members and is required for the transport of Rh1 (rhodopsin 1), an N-glycosylated G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), from the ER to the Golgi complex. In papla1 mutants, in the absence of transport to the Golgi, Rh1 is aberrantly glycosylated and is mislocalized. These defects lead to decreased levels of the protein and decreased sensitivity of the photoreceptors to light. Several GPCRs, including other rhodopsins and Bride of sevenless, are similarly affected. Our findings show that a cytosolic protein is necessary for transit of selective transmembrane receptor cargo by the COPII coat for anterograde trafficking

Prognostic Role of Androgen Receptor in Triple Negative Breast Cancer: A Multi-Institutional Study

Background: Androgen Receptor (AR) has emerged as a potential therapeutic target for AR-positive triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). However, conflicting reports regarding AR’s prognostic role in TNBC are putting its usefulness in question. Some studies conclude that AR positivity indicates a good prognosis in TNBC whereas others suggest the opposite, and some show that AR status has no significant bearing on the patients’ prognosis. Methods: We evaluated the prognostic value of AR in resected primary tumors from TNBC patients from six international cohorts {US (n=420), UK (n=239), Norway (n=104), Ireland (n=222), Nigeria (n=180), and India (n=242); total n=1407}. All TNBC samples were stained with the same anti-AR antibody using the same immunohistochemistry protocol, and samples with ≥1% of AR-positive nuclei were deemed AR-positive TNBCs. Results: AR status shows population-specific patterns of association with patients’ overall survival after controlling for age, grade, population, and chemotherapy. We found AR-positive status to be a marker of good prognosis in US and Nigerian cohorts, a marker of poor prognosis in Norway, Ireland and Indian cohorts, and neutral in UK cohort. Conclusion: AR status, on its own, is not a reliable prognostic marker. More research to investigate molecular subtype composition among the different cohorts is warranted