Effect of the NACA Injection Impeller on the Mixture Distribution of a Double-Row Radial Aircraft Engine

The NACA injection impeller was developed to improve the mixture distribution of aircraft engines by discharging the fuel from a centrifugal supercharger impeller, thus promoting a thorough mixing of fuel and charge air. Tests with a double-row radial aircraft engine indicated that for the normal range of engine power the NACA injection impeller provided marked improvement in mixture distribution over the standard spray-bar injection system used in the same engine. The mixture distribution at cruising conditions was excellent; at 1200, 15OO, and 1700 brake horsepower, the differences between the fuel-air ratios of the richest and the leanest cylinders were reduced to approximately one-third their former values. The maximum cylinder temperatures were reduced about 30 [degrees] F and the temperature distribution was improved by approximately the degree expected from the improvement in mixture distribution. Because the mixture distribution of the engine tested improves slightly at engine powers exceeding 1500 brake horsepower and because the effectiveness of the particular impeller diminished slightly at high rates of fuel flow, the improvement in mixture distribution at rated power and rich mixtures was less than that for other conditions. The difference between the fuel-air ratios of the richest and the leanest cylinders of the engine using the standard spray bar was so great that the fuel-air ratios of several cylinders were well below the chemically correct mixture, whereas other cylinders were operating at rich mixtures. Consequently, enrichment to improve engine cooling actually increascd some of the critical temperatures. The uniform mixture distribution providod by the injection impeller restored the normal response of cylinder temperatures to mixture enrichnent

Letter from W[illia]m E. Ritter to John Muir, 1899 Oct 12.

Berkeley, Cal.2434 Durant Ave.Oct. 12, 1899.My dear Mr. Muir -Your invitation to me to visit you on Saturday of this week tests my power to resist temptation almost to the last notch. But I shall come off victor - for it is impossible to come off anything else. However I have no hope for victory on to victory if like temptations assail me in the future. Too much grind now but try me again some time!Our totem02633 poles will be here from Portland before long, then you will want me come down and see them and of course while you are here you will not neglect to visit me.Keeler is spoiling himself with work - or fuss - again. Must see his book done quickly to save the world.Cordially Yours,Wm. E. Ritte

Letter from W[illiam] E. Ritter to John Muir, 1899 Sep 25.

[letterhead]Sept. 25, 1899.My dear Mr. Muir,I generally pay my honest debts sometime. Despite the questioning which you may have had as to whether or not you were six dollar out of pocket for your kindness to me, there really has never been any doubt in my mind [but?] that you would come out all right in the end.What about the general [squash-up?] that has been going on about Yakutat? Does it not look as though you ought to be up there attending to your glaciers so that they may not all be spoiled?Very sincerely yours,Wm. E. Ritter0262

Yield Reduction from Controlle Flooding of Corn

This ISU study was designed to provide more accuracy in estimating flood damages for those concerned with watershed development. But it also reveals just what foes on when a corn field suffers from excess water

Mechanism of C−F Reductive Elimination from Palladium(IV) Fluorides

The first systematic mechanism study of C−F reductive elimination from a transition metal complex is described. C−F bond formation from three different Pd(IV) fluoride complexes was mechanistically evaluated. The experimental data suggest that reductive elimination occurs from cationic Pd(IV) fluoride complexes via a dissociative mechanism. The ancillary pyridyl-sulfonamide ligand plays a crucial role for C−F reductive elimination, likely due to a κ^3 coordination mode, in which an oxygen atom of the sulfonyl group coordinates to Pd. The pyridyl-sulfonamide can support Pd(IV) and has the appropriate geometry and electronic structure to induce reductive elimination

On the number of representations providing noiseless subsystems

This paper studies the combinatoric structure of the set of all representations, up to equivalence, of a finite-dimensional semisimple Lie algebra. This has intrinsic interest as a previously unsolved problem in representation theory, and also has applications to the understanding of quantum decoherence. We prove that for Hilbert spaces of sufficiently high dimension, decoherence-free subspaces exist for almost all representations of the error algebra. For decoherence-free subsystems, we plot the function $f_d(n)$ which is the fraction of all $d$-dimensional quantum systems which preserve $n$ bits of information through DF subsystems, and note that this function fits an inverse beta distribution. The mathematical tools which arise include techniques from classical number theory.Comment: 17 pp, 4 figs, accepted for Physical Review

Biodegradation of Aged Residues of Atrazine and Alachlor in a Mix-Load Site Soil by Fungal Enzymes

Soils from bulk pesticide mixing and loading (mix-load) sites are often contaminated with a complex mixture of pesticides, herbicides, and other organic compounds used in pesticide formulations that limits the success of remediation efforts. Therefore, there is a need to find remediation strategies that can successfully clean up these mix-load site soils. This paper examined the degradation of atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-S-triazine; AT) and alachlor (2-chloro-2, 6-diethyl-N-[methoxymethyl]-acetanilide) in contaminated mix-load site soil utilizing an extracellular fungal enzyme solution derived from the white rot fungus, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, grown in a packed bed bioreactor. Thirty-two percent of AT and 54% of AL were transformed in the biometers. The pseudo first-order rate constant for AT and AL biodegradation was 0.0882 d−1 and 0.2504 d−1, respectively. The half-life (1/2) for AT and AL was 8.0 and 3.0 days, respectively. Compared to AT, the initial disappearance of AL proceeded at a faster rate and resulted in a greater amount of AL transformed. Based on the net Co2 evolved from the biometers, about 4% of the AT and AL initially present in the soil was completely mineralized

Metastatic disease to the breast: the Washington University experience

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Metastases to the breast occur rarely, but may be increasing in incidence as patients live longer with malignant diseases. The aim of this study is to characterize metastatic disease to the breast and to describe the management and prognosis of patients who present with this diagnosis.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A retrospective review of our institution's pathology and breast cancer databases was performed in order to identify patients with breast malignancies that were not of primary breast origin. Chart review provided additional information about the patients' primary malignancies and course of illness.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Between 1991 and 2006, eighteen patients with metastatic disease to the breast of non-hematologic origin were identified and all had charts available for review. Among the 18 patients with disease metastatic to the breast, tissues of origin included 3 ovarian, 6 melanoma, 3 medullary thyroid, 3 pulmonary neuroendocrine, 1 pulmonary small cell, 1 oral squamous cell, and 1 renal cell. Overall mean survival after diagnosis of metastatic disease to the breast was 22.4 months. Treatment of metastases varied and included combinations of observation, surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. Five patients (27.8%) required a change in management of their breast disease for local control.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Due to the variable course of patients with metastatic disease, a multi-disciplinary approach is necessary for each patient with disease metastatic to the breast to determine optimal treatment. Based on our review, many patients survive for long periods of time and local treatment of metastases to the breast may be beneficial in these patients to prevent local complications.</p