Impact of soil properties on critical concentrations of cadmium, lead, copper, zinc and mercury in soil and soil solution in view of ecotoxicological effects

Concern about the input of metals to terrestrial ecosystems is related to (i) the ecotoxicological impact on soil organisms and plants (Bringmark et al. 1998; Palmborg et al. 1998) and also on aquatic organisms resulting from runoff to surface water and (ii) the uptake via food chains into animal tissues and products, which may result in health effects on animals and humans (Clark 1989). Effects on soil organisms, including microorganisms/macrofungi and soil fauna, such as nematodes and earthworms, are reduced species diversity, abundance, and biomass and changes in microbe-mediated processes (Bengtsson and Tranvik 1989; Giller et al. 1998; Vig et al. 2003). Effects on vascular plants include reduced development and growth of roots and shoots, elevated concentrations of starch and total sugar, decreased nutrient contents in foliar tissues, and decreased enzymatic activity (Prasad 1995; Das et al. 1997). A review of these phytotoxic effects is given by Balsberg-Påhlsson (1989). Effects on aquatic organisms, including algae, Crustacea, and fish, include effects on gill function (Sola et al. 1995), nervous systems (Baatrup 1991), and growth and reproduction rates (Mance 1987). Environmental quality standards or critical limits, often also denoted as Predicted No Effect Concentrations, or PNECs, for metals in soils and surface waters related to those effects serve as a guide in the environmental risk assessment process for those substances

Resíduos de plantas de cobertura e mobilidade dos produtos da dissolução do calcário aplicado na superfície do solo Cover plant residues and mobility of dissolution products of surface applied lime

As plantas de cobertura têm recebido atenção adicional em função da liberação de ácidos orgânicos de baixo peso molecular capazes de formar complexos orgânicos com alumínio, cálcio e magnésio. Dessa forma, além de neutralizarem o alumínio tóxico, esses ácidos podem aumentar a mobilidade, no perfil do solo, dos produtos originados da dissolução do calcário aplicado na superfície. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram (a) identificar os ácidos orgânicos de baixo peso molecular presentes nos resíduos de plantas de cobertura e na solução do solo; (b) avaliar o efeito desses resíduos, juntamente com a aplicação superficial de calcário, na correção da acidez das camadas subsuperficiais do solo no sistema plantio direto, e (c) verificar a relação dos ácidos orgânicos de baixo peso molecular, liberados na decomposição de resíduos vegetais, com os efeitos, na profundidade do solo, da aplicação superficial de calcário. O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação em colunas de PVC com amostras indeformadas de um Cambissolo Húmico Alumínico Léptico argiloso há cinco anos no sistema plantio direto. Os tratamentos constaram da aplicação de resíduos (10 Mg ha-1) de aveia preta (1), ervilhaca (2) e nabo forrageiro (3), calcário (13 Mg ha-1) (4), calcário mais resíduo de aveia preta (5), de ervilhaca (6) e de nabo forrageiro (7) calcário mais ácido cítrico (0,91 Mg ha-1) (8) e uma testemunha (9), dispostos em blocos ao acaso. O uso da cromatografia líquida permitiu identificar os ácidos orgânicos de baixo peso molecular nos resíduos vegetais utilizados. Na aveia preta, houve predomínio do ácido transaconítico, na ervilhaca predominou o ácido málico e no nabo forrageiro os ácidos cítrico e málico. Não foi possível detectar nenhum tipo de ácido orgânico de baixo peso molecular tanto na solução percolada como na solução do solo. Os resíduos vegetais não tiveram efeito na correção da acidez do solo em profundidade. Seus efeitos restringiram-se na camada de 0-2,5 cm, tanto isoladamente como junto com o calcário.<br>Cover plants have received extra attention due to their release of low molecular weight organic acids that form organic complexes with aluminum, calcium and magnesium. Besides neutralizing toxic aluminum, such compounds can increase the mobility in the soil profile of the dissolution products of lime applied on the soil surface. Objectives of this research were (a) to identify the low molecular weight organic acids found in different cover plant species and in soil solution, (b) to evaluate the effects of the residues, alone or together with surface lime application, in relation to acidity neutralization of subsoil layers in no-tillage systems, and (c) to verify the relation between organic acids of low molecular weight, released during the decomposition of plant residues, with the effect on soil acidity properties in the soil profile due to surface lime application. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse in undisturbed Inceptisol (Haplumbrept) soil samples in columns, collected in a field experiment under no-tillage for five years. Nine treatments were applied: residue (10 Mg ha-1) of black oat (1), common vetch (2), oil seed radish (3), lime (13 Mg ha-1) (4), lime plus residue of black oat (5), of common vetch (6), of oil seed radish (7), and lime plus citric acid (0.91 Mg ha-1), (8) and no treatment (9), arranged in randomized blocks. The liquid chromatography method (HPLC) allowed an identification of the main low molecular weight organic acids in the plant residues. Trans-aconitic acid was the most important in black oat, malic acid in common vetch, and citric and malic acids in oil seed radish. It was not possible to detect organic acids in the percolate or soil solution. Plant residues had no effect on acidity neutralization in the deeper soil since the effects, alone or with lime application on the soil surface, were restricted to the soil surface layer (0-2.5 cm)